Test Three Info Flashcards
Erthrocyte
Red blood cell. Lives 120 days. 7.8 micrometer diameter only organelle is cell membrane and mostly contains hemoglobin proteins eisinophilic
Types of white blood cells
Granulocytes- have specific granules in their cytoplasm
Agranulocytes- lack specific granules in their cytoplasm
Reticulocyte
Immature RBC in the blood that still has some organelles like polyribosome which makes it basophilic and Form network in cytoplasm.
Types of plasma cells
Albumin (most common) maintains
isotonic nature of blood
Globulins (immunoglobulins mostly antibodies)
Fibrinogen- soluble form of clotting, forms fibrin needs to.
Connective tissue made of
Fibers, ground substance, and cells
Blood functions
Transport nutrients and oxygen, waste products, and hormones and other regulatory substances
What is plasma
Ground substance (serum) and fibers (fibrinogen)
Types of granulocytes
Neutrophils (neutral)
Eosinophils (pink)
Basophils (purple)
Types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Names for neutrophils and characteristics
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils, PMN
Segmented neutrophils, segs
Multi loved nucleus (3-5 lobes connected by chromatin)
Larger diameter than RBC (1.5x)
Not pink or purple. Have azurophilic granules . Phagocytic
Barr body
Club shaped appendage off of nucleus in neutrophils of females.
Infection will lead to increase of what cell
Neutrophils! Pus is an accumulation of dead PMN and their phagocytosis bacterial debris
Band or stab cells
Immature neutrophils released in an infection which have not yet obtained a lobular nucleus so looks like a curved band
Eosinophils characteristics
Pink but not super pink. Specific granules, 1.5x RBC. Bilobed nucleus
Azurophilic granules in cytoplasm
Azurophilic granules
Lysosomes in granulocytes
What would increase eosinophil numbers
An active allergy, parasitic infection (especially helminths)
Eosinophils function
Modulate certain immunologic functions
Basophil characteristics
Numerous large basophilic granules. 1.5x RBC, difficult to see nucleus, azurophilic granules with special stains
Basophils function
Similar to mast cells (though not related) they are inflammatory triggers
Lymphocyte characteristics
Round nucleus almost entirely fills the cell and is purple. No granules visible. Smallest WBC’s about the same size as a RBC. Types include b lymphocytes for humoral response and T cells for cellular immunity. Also natural killer cells.
Monocytes characteristics
2x RBC. No visible granules. C shaped nucleus. Has azurophilic granules with special stains. Can transform into macrophages but as monocytes they are not phagocytic
Histocyte
Connective tissue macrophage. Monocytes can be transformed into these
Thrombocytes characteristics
Not true cells. Less than 1/2 a RBC. No nucleus, they are membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow cells known as megakaryocytes. involved with hemostasis and clotting
Megakaryocytes
Shed fragments which become platelets (thrombocytes)
Cardiovascular system function
Carry blood and lymph to and from tissues of the body
Large (elastic or conducting) arteries location
Near the heart
Medium ( muscular or distributing) arteries
Named arteries of the body
Arterioles
Smallest type of artery. Connect directly to capillaries
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessel. Can’t be seen by the naked eye. Form networks. Thin walls to diffuse large amounts of fluid.
Blood filtrate
Fluid that leaves the blood and goes into the interstitial space and helps form the interstitial fluid. Carries O2 and nutrients to tissues. Most returns to the cardiovascular system as part of blood again.
Venules
Smallest veins. they receive blood directly from capillaries. They have thin walls ( not as thin as capillaries) so interstitial fluid can be reabsorbed.
Microcirculatory (microvascular) bed
Functional unit of blood vascular system that consists of arterioles capillary network and venules. Where fluid exchange occurs
Portal
Blood vessel connected between two capillary beds
Three portal systems
Hepatic portal system
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
Kidney- nephron
layers of the wall of arteries and veins
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica Adventitia
tunica intima
the innermost layer. it contains three components
- Endothelium- simple squamous lining the lumen
- basal lamina of the endothelium
- subendothelium- loose connective tissue barrier
What special thing is present in the subendothelium of arteries
an internal elastic membrane/ lamina sheet like later with a characteristic wavy appearance
tunica media
middle layer. various amounts of circumferentially arranged smooth muscle cells between smooth muscle cells and elastic and/or reticular fibers and proteoglycans
what layer is the thickens in arteries
tunica media
tunica adventitia
outermost layer. usually made up of loose connective tissue.
Vasa vasorum
Blood vessels that supply the wall of the blood vessel within the tunica adventitia
Nervi vasorum
Mostly autonomic nerves that supply the smooth muscle in the wall of the blood vessel. Usually in tunica adventitia
What layer of the wall is thickest in veins?
Tunics adventitia
Specialization of tunica adventitia in arteries
Innermost structure of the tunica adventitia is the external elastic membrane/ lamina. Wavy appearance
What allows vessels to vasoconstrict oft dilate?
Smooth muscle
Names for elastic arteries
Conducting or large arteries for example the aorta, pulmonary arteries, branchiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian renals and common ilia a
elastic arteries function
Rapidly conduct blood
Dampen out the systolic pressure wave as the heart pumps
Maintain diastolic pressure and continual flow of blood
Subendothelium in elastic arteries contains what?
Loose connective tissue
Smooth muscle cells
It is in the tunica intima
What is in the tunica media of large arteries?
Concentrically arranged lamellae of elastic fibers. Scant amounts of smooth muscle, collagen fibers, ground substance, and proteoglycans. NO fibroblasts (smooth muscle cells make the connective tissue components
What makes up the tunica adventitia in large arteries?
Loose connective tissue! Small amounts of collagen and elastic fibers. Many fibroblasts!
Distributing artery
Aka muscular or medium arteries chaste rustic preponderance of smooth muscle
Internal elastic membrane
Very prominent and wavy in muscular arteries. It is in the subendothelium of the tunica intima
Tunica media in medium arteries
Three or more smooth muscle layers and some connective tissue
Medium artery tunica adventitia
Loose connective tissue and may have an external elastic membrane present
Smallest arteries
Arterioles
What vessels are termed resistant vessels?
Arterioles because they have relatively thick walls for their lumen diameter
Tunica intima in arterioles
Endothelium and basal lamina are normal, subendothelium is almost absent
Number of layers of smooth muscle in an arteriol?
1 to 2
Arterioles function
Flow regulators for the capillary bed. Contains a precapillary sphincter
Capillaries
Main site of exchange of gases nutrients waste products
Specialties of walls of capillaries
Only a endothelial cell layer. No smooth muscle so can not alter caliber
Edema
An accumulation of abnormal amounts of interstitial fluid
Organs with lots of capillaries
Liver, brain, muscle,
Organs with few capillaries
Dense connective tissue areas
Types of capillaries
- Continuous
- Fenestrated with or without diaphragms
- Discontinuous
Type of capillary in the iris stronger
Continuous
Type of capillary in the retina
Continuous
Continuous capillary characteristics
Most control of fluid exchange
The endothelial layer is continuous with zones occludens between cells. Fluid must pass through the wall of the endothelial cells
Pericytes or Rouget’s cells
A type of cell that can be found in continuous capillaries between endothelial and basal cells. Help regulate movement and are involved in the blood brain barrier
Type of capillary in the stroma of the ciliary body processes?
Fenestrated with diaphragms
Type of capillary in the choriocapillaris
Fenestrated with diaphragms
Fenestrated capillary characteristics
Easier fluid exchange. Found in areas of more molecular exchange. Have Fenestra like pores in their walls but also have continuous endothelial layer with zonula occludens
discontinuous capillaries
also called sinusoids they are the leakiest type of capilllary and are therefore the least regulated. it has a relatively wide lumen (more than one RBC can fit in at one time) which slows the blood flow down even more. fluid can move through physical gaps between adjacent endothelial cells.
sinusoid
discontinuous capillaries
what is the only place in the body where RBC’s can normally be seen outside of blood vessels
in the spleen through discontinuous capillaries
where are discontinuous capillaries found
liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes
sinusoids in the eye
NONE
special cells associated with sinusoids in the liver
- kupffer cells (macrophages in the liver)
2. Stallate (Ito’s) cells which store vitamin A
arteriovenous anastomose/ shunts
direct route for blood to go from the arterioles into the venules where it may bypass the capillary bed
when does blood bypass the capillaries using the arteriovenous anastomose?
when the smooth muscle wall of the shunt is relaxed and blood may bypass the capillary bed and go through the shunt
metarterioles/ precapillaries
initial segment of a preferential throroughfare through a regular capillary bed
capacitance vessels
veins, called this because at any given time most of the blood is in the veins
characteristics of the veins
NOT elastic, very distensible, not very distinct tunics, thinner wall and larger lumen than artery, often distored in shape on slides, have valves that allow blood to move in one direction
what allows blood to move in one direction in the veins
valves
types of veins
venules
medium veins
large veins
what receives blood directly from the capillaries
postcapillary venules. they are a major site of action of vasoactive inflammatory agents which increase leakage of fluid and increase white blood cell emigration during the inflammatory response
vasoactive inflammatory agents
histamines, increase leakage of fluid and increase white blood cell emigration during the inflammatory response
what is in the tunica media and the medium veins
smooth muscle cells interspersed among loose connective tissue but are not prominant
what are vasoactive inflammatory agents
basophils and mast cells
describe the tunica adventitia in large veins
the thickest and best developed layer. its main feature is bundles of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle cells. it is embedded in loose connective tissue with some collage and elastic fibers.
dural venous sinuses
broad spaces between dural layers around the brain that are lined with endothelium and contain venus blood
what is unique about the veins in the retina
they have no smooth muscle in their walls and have no tunica media or very minimal
what is the lymphatic system
a collection of thin-walled vessels that gather excess fluid from interstitial compartment that was not reabsorbed by the blood vessel and return it to the venus blood.
lymph
interstitial fluid in a lymph vessel
lymph capillaries
blind ended vessels that are similar to blood capillaries but larger in diameter
differences between lymph vessel walls and to veins
thinner walls for the size of the lumen
tunics are very poorly defined
lumen is clear because there is never rbc’s
what does the lumen of lymph vessels never contain
red blood cells
layers of the heart
endocardium: thinnest layer closes to the lumen
myocardium: middle layer where the muscle is
epidcardium: outer layer (surface of the heart)
what makes up the endocardium
endothelium with a basement membrane. peripherally there is a subendothelium which is loose connective tissue layer that attaches the endocardium to the myocardium
what layer of the heart contains the conduction system of the heart
subendocardium
what is the myocardium made up of
cardiac muscle cells and a network of dense irregular connective tissue known as the fibrous skeleton
parts of the epicardium
outermost surface is the mesothelium or the visceral pericardium made of simple squamous cells, then below it is a subepicardium made of loose connective tissue.
what are the heart valves made of
a core of dense irregular connective tissue anchored by the fibrous skeleton of the heart. it is covered on both sides by endothelium
lymphatic tissue
specialized connective tissue that consists mostly of lymphocytes. it is located within other connective tissue but not surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
types of lymphatic tissue
- diffuse lymphatic tissue: lymphocytes do NOT appear to have a specific organization
- lymphatic or lymph nodules/ follicles- lymphocytes are organized in spherical groups.
lymphatic organs
organs which predominately have lymphocytes and have a connective tissue capsule around them.
what organs are lymphatic organs
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
tonsils
are lymphatic tissues basophilic or eosinophilic?
basophilic
types of lymphocytes
b lymphocytes- involved in humoral immunity (involving antibodies)
t lymphocytes- mature in the thymus and are involved in cellular immunity
natural killer cells- involved in innate immunity, non specific and does not require previous exposure of the pathogen
where do lymphocyte progenitor cells originate
in the bone marrow
where do lymphocytes mature
thymus or lymphatic organ where they can re-enter the blood if needed.
antigen presenting cells
found in lymphatic tissues, help induce immune responses from lymphocytes
examples of antigen presenting cells
macrophages (kupffer cells of the liver)
langerhans cells in the skin
dendritic cells in the lymph nodes and the sleep
what are lymph capillaries
blind ended vessels found in and amongst the cells of most tissues in the body that take up excess interstitial fluid
terminal lymph vessels
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
what does the right lymphatic duct drain
right 1/2 of the head and neck
right upper extremity
right half of the chest
what does the thoracic duct drain
left half of head and neck left upper extremity left half of the chest all of the abdomen and pelvis both lower extremities
cisterna chyli
a dilation just below the diaphragm where the thoracic duct begins
what does a lymph node do
filter lymph.
where are lymph nodes located
where the head attaches to the trunk
where the limbs attach to the trunk
along great blood vessels of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
what is diffuse lymphatic tissue
an accumulation of lymphocytes that are not enclosed by a capsule.
where is diffuse lymphatic tissue found
in the dermis of the skin, fornicies of the conjuctiva and in connective tissue of the alimentary canal, genitourinary tract, and respiratory tract
MALT
mucous associated lymphatic tissue, diffuse lymphatic tissue
GALT
gut associated lymphatic tissue, diffuse lymphatic tissue in the alimentary canal
BALT
bronchus-associated lymphatic tissue, diffuse lymphatic tissue of the respiratory system
CALT
conjuctiva associated lymphatic tissue diffuse lymphatic tissue in the eye
lymph nodule
diffuse lymphatic tissue closely packed into spherical groups. they do NO have a capsule
types of lymph nodules
primary or secondary
characteristics of primary lymph nodules
homogenous, purple, relatively inactive
characteristics of secondary lymph nodules
lighter central region known as the germinal center (lymphocytes are less densely packed because they are active), dark staining outer region called the mantle zone or corona. functionally more active in immunity.
what type of lymphatic tissue is associated with the tonsils
GALT
why do some people not consider the tonsils a lymphatic organ
diffuse lymphatic tissue is not surrounded by a capsule
sets of tonsils
palatine (what most people know of as tonsils
lingual
pharyngeal- or adenoids
waldeyer’s ring
the tonsils, got this name since they form a circle of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx
where can lymph nodules be found in the body
- MALT: tonsils, peyers patches (ileum), and vermiform appendix
- lymph nodes
- spleen
lymph node characteristics
small bean shaped, encapsulated lymphatic organs. they are located in small groups along the lymphatic vessel so they can come into contact with the cells with immunological function to filter blood.
parts of the lymph node
- hilium/ hilus which is the concave side to which plumbing enters and leaves
- stroma
- parenchym
what is unique about the lymph node
it has both afferent and efferent lymph vessels
what cells are in the stroma of the lymph node
reticular cells (similar to fibroblasts) which make the network of reticular fibers and type III collagen dendritic cells that act as antigen presenting cells
part of the stroma in a lymph node
the capsule or dense irregular connective tissue layer, the trabeculae (also dense irregular connective tissue) carry blood vessels to the interior of the lymph node, reticular connective tissue
parts of the parenchyma of the lymph node
cortex- outer region which is further seperated into outer cortex and an inner portion called the paracortex or inner cortex
medulla- more central region
characteristics of the outer cortex of the lymph node
primary and secondary lymph nodes
(mostly b lymphocytes in the outer cortex) b cells are actively transforming into plasma cells
characteristics of the inner cortex or paracortex of the lymph node
more medial part of the cortex. it contains densely packed lymphocytes that are not organized into lymph nodules. majority T-lymphocytes
characteristics of the medulla of the lymph node
consists of cords of lymphocytes separated by lymph channels or medullary sinuses. the cells of the medulla are not as densely packed as either part of the cortex and is therefore lighter staining. majority B lymphocytes
lymph channels/ lymph sinuses
modified lymph vessels that carry lymph through the lymph node.
(sub)capsular sinus
relatively cell free region immediately deep to the capsule. receives lymph directly from the afferent lymph vessels
trabecular (cortical) sinuses
relatively cell free region located along the trabeculae which is directly contiuous with the capsular sinus.
medullary sinuses
network of lymph channels located in the medulla that seperates the medullary cords from each other. they are continuous with the trabecular sinuses and will drain into the efferent lymph vessels in the hilum
What is in lymph channels
it is lined with endothelium and macrophages are located along their walls with processes that extend into the channels themselves. reticular fibers also span the lymph sinuses.
what slows down flow of lymph in the lymph sinuses?
macrophages and reticular fibers. this slowing down maximizes the time the lymph is in contact with lymphocytes and other immunologic cells in the parenchyma.
