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new exam material Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. air conduction
  2. air conditioning
  3. gas exchange (respiration)
  4. speech- larynx
  5. olfaction- olfactory mucosa
  6. endocrine- hormone production and secretion
  7. immune function- BALT
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2
Q

what is the conducting portion of the respiratory system

A

a series of air passages between the atmosphere and the lungs

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3
Q

what is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

A

the parenchyma of the lungs where the gas exchange actually occurs

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4
Q

what are the parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

A
  1. nasal cavity
  2. paranasal sinuses
  3. pharynx
  4. larynx
  5. trachea
  6. bronchi
  7. terminal bronchioles
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5
Q

what are the bronchi

A

a series of hollow tubes in the lungs that branch into increasingly smaller tubes. splits from
main (primary) bronchi- one for each lung
lobar (secondary) bronchi- one for each lobe of the lung
segmental (tertiary) bronchi- several branches
…. 12 hierarchies until bronchioles

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6
Q

what are the terminal bronchioles

A

the smallest (in caliber) structures of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

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7
Q

what are the parts of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli- the site of the vast majority of the gas exchange!

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8
Q

what is the main site of gas exchange

A

alveoli

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9
Q

what is the boarder of the upper and lower respiratory tract

A

the upper respiratory tract down to and includes the larynx

the lower starts at the trachea lungs and respiratory tree (bronchi and branches)

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10
Q

what lines the conducting portion of the respiratory system

A

an epithelium known as respiratory epithelium

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11
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

a special type of epithelium that lines the conducting portion of the respiratory system. it is a CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR epithelium

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12
Q

what are the five types of cells found in the respiratory epithelium

A
  1. ciliated columnar cells
  2. goblet cells
  3. brush cells
  4. small granule cells
    5 basal cells
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13
Q

what is the most abundant type of cell in the respiratory epithelium

A

the ciliated columnar cells, they extend the full thickness of the epithelium

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14
Q

what are cilia, and their arrangement

A

hair like structures on the apical domain of cells. they are composed of microtubules with a 9+2 arrangement. they are attached to a basal body in which the microtubules are arranged in a 9+3 arrangement. they are motile structures

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15
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

made of many cilia that work together to sweep mucus on the suface of the epithelium out towards the external surface ofr the body

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16
Q

what are goblet cells

A

unicellular glands that extend the full thickness of the epitheium and produce mucus that forms a thick layer on the surface oft eh epithelium in the respiratory system

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17
Q

brush cells

A

extend the full thickness of the epithelium and have microvilli at their apical domain. these microvilli are made of microfilaments. in the basal domain of the brush cells there is a synaptic contact with an afferent nerve ending making brush cells receptors for touch in the respiratory epithelium. they begin the afferent limbs of the cough and sneeze reflexes

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18
Q

small granule cells

A

do NOT extend the full thickness of the epithelium. they are filled with membrane- bound vesicles. they are part of the enteroendocrine system and secrete a variety of hormones to control enteric systems.

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19
Q

basal cells

A

do NOT extend the full thickness of the respiratory epithelium. they are the shortest cells and their nuclei are closest to the basal lamina of the epithelium. they are generative cells and can form all the other types of cells in the epithelium

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20
Q

generative cells

A

undergo mitosis, the basal cells are generative cells that form all the other types of cells in the epithelium

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21
Q

what are the parts of the nasal cavity

A
  1. vestibule

2. respiratory segment

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22
Q

what is the vestibule of the nasal cavity

A

the anterior dilated portion that communicates with the external environment through the nostrils. its distal portion is covered by skin with vibrissae which filter out large particles. the proximal portion is lined with respiratory epithelium. the most distal portion is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

vibrissae

A

short thick hairs in the vestibule of the nasal cavity that filter out large particles from the air.

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24
Q

what epithelium is associated with the vestibule of the nasal cavity

A

keratinized stratifed squamous in the distal portion

respiratory epithelium in the proximal portion

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25
Q

what is the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity

A

the majority of the nasal cavity. lined with respiratory epithelium, on top of the lamina propria (thin loose connective tissue). contains diffuse lymphatic tissue

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26
Q

lamina propria

A

in the nasal cavity it is a thin layer of loose connective tissue with seromucous glands that secrete mucus layer of the surface of the epithelium. it has a superficial venous plexus that warms the incoming air. also contains diffuse lymphatic tissue

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27
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

the mucous membrane made up of respiratory epithelium and lamina propria

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28
Q

what is deep to the lamina propria

A

periosteum of the bone lining the nasal cavity

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29
Q

how does the respiratory segment communicate of the nasal cavity communicate with the nasopharynx

A

choanae (which are the internal nares)

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30
Q

olfactory segment of the nasal cavity

A

relatively small region in the roof of the nasal cavity sensitive to odor.

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31
Q

what epithelium is associated with the olfactory segment

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium known as the olfactory epitheliium

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32
Q

cells associated with the olfactory epithelium

A
  1. olfactory receptor cells
  2. sustentacular (supporting) cells
  3. basal cells
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33
Q

what are olfactory (receptor) cells’ characteristics?

A

they extend the full thickness of the epithelium with nuclei at multiple intermediate depths. they are bipolar neurons- dendrites act as non motile cilia and olfactory receptors. they are unmyelinated and run through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone. axons are collectively known as the olfactory nerve

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34
Q

characteristics of sustentacular (supporting cells) in olfactory segment

A

extend full thickness of the epithelium. nuclei closes to the epithelium. function similar to glial cells as they support olfactory receptor cells

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35
Q

characteristics of basal cells in olfactory segement

A

nuclei closest to basal lamina and do not extend the full thickenss of the epithelium. they are mitotic cells and form new supporting cells

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36
Q

which cells in the olfactory epithelium span the full thickness of the epithelium?

A

olfactory cells, sustentacular cells

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37
Q

why is it important that the olfactory glands have a constant flow?

A

to “wash out” the surface of the epithelium for new smells

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38
Q

what does the lamina propria attach to

A

periosteum of the ethmoid bone and the olfactory epithelium

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39
Q

what type of gland is the olfactory gland?

A

branched tubuloalveolar serous

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40
Q

whats the difference between serous and mucous

A

serous is more watery

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41
Q

what is the solvent for odiferous molecules

A

serous production from the olfactory glands of the bowmans

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42
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses

A

extension of the nasal cavity into surrounding bones with relatively narrow connections to the nasal cavity

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43
Q

what bones have paranasal sinuses

A

frontal
ethmoid
maxillary
sphenoid

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44
Q

why are sinuses prone to infection

A

because they have narrow connections to the rest of the nasal cavity, often a secondary infection to a more generalized upper respiratory infection

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45
Q

what lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

respiratory epithelium and a very thing lamina propria (loose connective tissue layer)

46
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

musculomembranous passage that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus

47
Q

what are the parts of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
48
Q

characteristics nasopharynx

A

lined with respiratory epithelium and lamina propria, it is in the region above the soft palate. includes openings for the auditory (Eustachian) tube and pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

49
Q

characteristics of oropharynx

A

region below the soft palate and above the epiglottis. it is lined with tratified squamous non-keratonized epithelium and a thin lamina propria

50
Q

characteristics of laryngopharynx

A

region at the level of the epiglottis. lined with stratificed squamous non-keratonized epithelium and lamina propria

51
Q

what is the mucous membrane?

A

epithelium and lamina propria

52
Q

what is the larynx? characteristics and functions

A

musculocartilaginous structure lined with mucous membrane that connects the pharynx to the trachea. it is a passage way for air in and out of the trachea and closes off the trachea when swallowing to prevent food in the trachea. also involved in phonation- making sound

53
Q

what lines the larynx

A

respiratory epithelium

54
Q

what lines the epiglottis and vocal folds?

A

stratified non-keratonized epithelium

55
Q

where does the lamina propria not have seromucous glands in the larynx?

A

in the vocal folds

56
Q

what cartilages are associated with the lamina propria in the larynx?

A
  1. thyroid
  2. cricoid
  3. epiglottic
57
Q

what type of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage?

A

hyaline with perichondrium

58
Q

what type of cartilage is the cricoid cartilage?

A

hyaline with perichondrium

59
Q

what type of cartilage is the epiglottic cartilage?

A

elastic

60
Q

which muscles in the larynx are involved in swallowing?

A

extrinsic skeletal muscles

61
Q

which muscles in the larynx are involved in phonation- noise making?

A

intrinsic skeletal muscles

62
Q

what is the trachea

A

a cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx. it branches into right and left primary bronchi and is only about 10 cm long

63
Q

four layers of the trachea

A

mucosa
submucosa
cartilaginous layer
adventitia

64
Q

characteristics of the mucosa in the trachea

A

mucous membrane of the trachea. consists of respiratory epithelium and lamina propria the lamina propria of loose connective dissue has many elastic fibers and contains MALT or BALT

65
Q

characteristics of the submucosa in the trachea

A

thicker loose connective tissue layer that contains seromucous glands (mostly simple acinar)

66
Q

characteristics of the cartilaginous layer in the trachea

A

16-20 C-shaped rings of the cartilage that open posteriorly. smooth muscle spans across the open region in the back of the rings. it is a discontinuous layer

67
Q

characteristics of the adventita in the trachea

A

loose connective tissue layer that holds the trachea together. more dense loose connective tissue than in the submucosa or lamina propria

68
Q

differences between right and left bronchus

A

right is shorter, more vertical and wider

69
Q

the main bronchi divide into how many secondary (lobar) bronchi on each side?

A

three on the right, two on the left.

70
Q

what is a bronchopulmonary segment

A

a region of the lung that the lobar bronchus will supply

71
Q

what is the smallest portion of the lung that is easily resectable and has a definable blood supply and surround connective tissue layer

A

a bronchopulmonary segment

72
Q

how many segmental bronchi on each side?

A

10 on the right, 8-10 on the left

73
Q

how many branchings of bronchi are there

A

12

74
Q

what size is a bronchiole?

A

about 1mm in diameter

75
Q

primary or extrapulmonary bronchi have the same histological structure as what?

A

the trachea

76
Q

what histological differences does the intrapulmonary bronchi have from the trachea

A
  1. hyaline cartilage is replaced with cartilage plates of irregular shape (at some point called chips instead of plates as they are so small)
  2. a layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa) is present in the mucosa. this smooth muscle can change caliber in the bronchi and is more pronounced in smaller bronchials.
77
Q

why is smooth muscle in secondary and smaller bronchi important

A

in allows for autonomic controlled bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

78
Q

what controls bronchodilation

A

sypathetics

79
Q

what controls bronchoconstriction

A

parasympathetics

80
Q

as branching occurs in the submucosa of the bronchi what happens to the seromucous glands?

A

they become less numerous

81
Q

what cartilage is in the cartilaginous layer of bronchi?

A

discontinous layer of hyaline cartilage plates (with perichondrium) or chips

82
Q

what is the histological differences between a bronchi and bronchioles?

A
  1. simple epithelium instead of pseudostratified (thinner and smaller)
  2. no cartilage
  3. no goblet cells
  4. no other ( seromucous) glands
  5. no submucosa
  6. prominent muscularis mucosa
83
Q

which part of the bronchial tree has the most pronounced pronchoconstriction and dilation?

A

bronchioles

84
Q

what are the two types of bronchioles?

A

terminal bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles

85
Q

what is the largest part of the respiratory system

A

respiratory bronchioles

86
Q

characteristics of terminal bronchioles mucosa

A
  1. ciliated simple columnar epithelium with interspersed club cells
  2. lamina propria- thin layer of loose connective tissue
  3. muscularis mucosa- quite prominent, although only a few layers of smooth muscle
87
Q

what are club cells and what do they do

A

non-ciliated cells with a domed apex that projects into the lumen. they secrete surface active lipoprotein in the mucosa of bronchioles

88
Q

what do terminal abd respiratory bronchioles not have

A

They do NOT have a submucosa, they do have an adventitia it is just VERY thin and blends with surrounding parenchyma

89
Q

whats the difference between respiratory and terminal bronchioles?

A

respiratory bronchioles have alveoli with simple squamous epeithelium and gas exchange can occur here

90
Q

whats in the mucosa of respiratory bronchioles

A
  1. numerous club cells with some ciliated cuboidal cells (the last ciliated cells in the respiratory tree)
  2. lamina propria- thin loose connective tissue
  3. muscularis mucosa- prominant thin layer of smooth muscle (thinner than in terminal bronchioles) only 1-2 smooth muscles cells thick
91
Q

where are the last ciliated cells in the respiratory tree

A

in the respiratory bronchioles

92
Q

what are alveolar ducts

A

elongated airways with minimal structure in the walls except containing alveoli and simple squamous epithelium, and a few elastic and reticular fibers

93
Q

what do connective tissue fibers in the alveolar ducts do?

A
  1. allow expansion on inspiration
  2. provide passive contraction
  3. keep airways patent
94
Q

is there smooth muscle in alveolus

A

yes and no! yes right at the entrance that act kind of like sphincters in ALVEOLAR DUCTS
no in alveolar sacs

95
Q

what are alveolar sacs

A

blind-ended spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli (the cul de sac with driveways being alveoli)

96
Q

where are alveoli

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

97
Q

what is (inter) alveolar septum

A

the tissue between two alveoli, it consists of two layers of epithelium with a little bit of connective tissue and capillaries between them

98
Q

what is the richest capillary bed in the body

A

alveoli!

99
Q

what cells are found in the epithelium of the alveolar septum

A
  1. type 1 pneumocytes (type 1 alveolar cells)

2. type II pneumocytes (type II alveolar cells, great alveolar cells, septal cells)

100
Q

what are type 1 pneumocytes

A

sqamous cells of the epithelium with thin cytoplasms that form the majority of the wall of the alveolus. they are joined to neighbors with zonula occludens. maximize control of gas exchange

101
Q

what makes up the blood-air barrier?

A
  1. cytoplasm of endothelium (capillary)
  2. fused basement membranes of capillary and alveolar epithelium
  3. cytoplasm type 1 pneumocytes/ type 1 alveolar cells
102
Q

what are the other names for type II pneumocytes

A

type II alveolar cells, great alveolar cells, septal cells

103
Q

what are type II alveolar cells and what do they do

A

large cuboidal cells that bulge into the lumen of alveolus, appearing to have a foamy cytoplasm representing many vesicles of stored secretions. function

  1. secrete surfactant
  2. mitotic and need to replace type I and II pneumocytes
104
Q

what is surfactant

A

a detergent mixture of lipid and protein that coats the luminal surface of alveolar walls which decreases surface tension on the walls of the alveolus and aiding in gas exchange

105
Q

what is in the connective tissue of the alveolar septum

A

loose connective tissue, mostly reticular fibers but some elastic fibers. small amount of ground substance and a few fibroblasts

106
Q

what type of capillaries are in the alveolar septum

A

continuous capillaries

107
Q

what structural arrangement allows for maximal gas exchange in the alveoli

A

the basement membrane of type I pneumocytes are fused to the basement membrane of endothelium of the capillaries with NO connective tissue layer.

108
Q

characteristics of an alveolar macrophage/ dust cells and what they do

A

cells found in the region of the lung parenchyma, relatively large cells with mottled cytoplasm from lyosomes and ingested material. exhibit ameboid movement (no consistent shape) found in CT of alveolar walls or in the lumen of the alveoli. they have no cilia
function: phagocytosis.

109
Q

what lineage to dust cells come from

A

monocytes

110
Q

what happens if the alveolar macrophage can not digest something

A

it is moved to the bronchioles to be swept out by ciia or stays in alveoli and sequesters. ex smokers

Micro anatomy (2 decks)

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