Test three Flashcards
Punisher
a contingent consequence that decreases the future probability of a behavior below its pre-punishment level
Punishment
the process or procedure whereby a punisher decreases the future probability of an operant response
Positive Punishment
the contingent presentation of a consequence that decreases the future probability of the behavior below its no-punishment level
Negative Punishment
the contingent removal, reduction, or prevention of a reinforcer: the effect of which decreases the future probability of the behavior before its no-punishment level
six characteristics of effective punishment
- focus on reinforcement first
- combine punishment with extinction and/or differential reinforcement
- deliver punishers immediately
- deliver punishment contingently
- punish every time
- use a punisher in the goldilocks zone
Primary Punisher
a contingent consequence that functions as a punisher because, in the evolutionary past of the species, this consequence decreased the chances of survival
Conditioned Punisher
a contigent consequence that signals a delay reduction to a backup punisher
Timeout from positive reinforcement
a signaled response-contigent suspension of a positive-reinforcement contingency, the effect of which decreases the future likelihood of a problem behavior
Response cost punishers
negative punishers that involove the removal or reduction of a reinforcer
Mentalistic expressions of behavior
such explanations put the cause of behavior in the individuals vaguely defined “mind”
Motivation Operation (MO)
an environmental and or biological event that (1) temporarily alters the value of a specific reinforcer anfd (2) increases/decreases the probabilityu of behaviors yielding that reinforcer
establishing Operation (EO)
an environmental and/or biological event that (1) temporarily increases the value of a specific reinforcer and (2) increases operant behaviors that produce the reinforcer
Preference Hierarchy
a list of stimuli rank-ordered from most to least preferred
four dimensions of effeective reinforcers a
contingency, size, quality, and immediacy
Habits
operant behavior that (1) is evoked by antecedent stimuli and (2) persists despite the imposition of an AO
Discriminated operant behavior
OB that is systematically influenced by antecedent stimuli
Discriminative Stimulus (S^D)
antecedent stimulus that can evoke a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when SD is present, that response will be reinforced
S^∆
an antecedent stimulus that decreases a sspecific operant response becauses the individual has learned that when the S^∆ is present, that response will not be reinforced (extinction)
S^DP
an antecedent stimulus that decreases a specific operant response because the individual has learned that when the S^DP is present, that response will be punished
Three-term Contingency
functional relation between antecedent, behavior, and consequence
discrimination training
procedure in which an operant response is reinforced in the presence of an S^D and extinguished in the presence of an S^∆
Generalization
novel stimulus resembling the S^D evokes the response, despite that response never having been reinforced in the presence of that novel stimulus
Stimulus response chain
fixed sequence of operant responses, each evoked by a response-produced S^D
task analysis (teaching response chain)
precise specification of the sequence of antecedents, responses, and consequences that comprise a stimulus-response chain
backwards chaining
the final link in the stimulus-response chain is taught first and then added in reverse order
Forward chaining
teaching links in the order they will need to be emitted
prompt
an antecedent stimulus that facilitates or guides the desired response when it is not happening under appropriate discriminative-stimulus control
Fading
gradual removal of a prompt as the response is increasingly emitted under discriminative stimulus control
Choice
voluntary behavior occuring in a context in which alternative behaviors are possible
four variables affecting choice
- reinforcement vs no consequence
- reinforcer size/quality
- effort
- reinforcer delay
substitute reinforcers
reinforcer that is increasingly consumed when access to another reinforcer is constrained
Positively increase behavior using H law
increase R1, decrease R2
decrease undesired behavior using H law
decreaase R2, increase R1
Impulsive choice
picking smaller-sooner reward and foregoing the larger-later reward
Self-control choice
choosing larger-later reward and foregoing the smaller-sooner reward
Skinner functional taxonomy
Echoic, Mand, tact, and intraverbal
Echoic
verbal operant in which the response resembles the verbal antecedent stimulus and is maintained with a variety of socially mediated reainforcers (repeat what someone else just said)
Mand
verbal operant occasioned by an establishing operation and maintianed by the verbally specified reinforcer ( asking for something that will satisfy need)
Tact
verbal operant occassioned by a nonverbal stimuluss and maintained by a variety of social reinforcers ( said in the presence of object)
Intraverbal
verbal response occcasioned by verbal discriminative stimulus, but the form of the response does not resemble that stimulus; maintained by a variety of social reinforcers ( how are you; im good)
equivalence
individual relates all of stimuli in many ways as equivalent to one another
Rule governed behavior
behavior influenced by a verbal description of the operative three-term contingency
Pliance
rule-governed behavior occuring because of socially mediated positive or negative reinforcers
Tracking
rule following occurring because the inssstructions appear to correctly describe operant contingencies that operate in the world
Acceptance
approaching the thought, so as to examine it flexibility, with a senses of curiousity
