Test One

Question 1

Behavior

Answer 1

an individual living organisms activity, public or private, which may be influenced by external or internal stimulation

Question 2

Response

Answer 2

a single instance of behavior (ex: a thought)

Question 3

Public behavior

Answer 3

everyone can observe it is happening

Question 4

Private Behavior

Answer 4

you are the only one who can observe it

Question 5

Two goals of Behavior Analysis

Answer 5

1. to accurately predict behavior
2. to discover functional variables that may be used to positively influence behavior

Question 6

Stimulus Events

Answer 6

things you hear, smell, taste, or feel

Question 7

Functional Variable

Answer 7

A variable that, if/when changed, reliably and systematically influences behavior

Question 8

The Assumptions of Behavior Science

Answer 8

1. Behavior is determined (has one/multiple causes)
2. Scientific Method is a valid way to reveal the determinants of behavior

Question 9

Quantitative

Answer 9

behavior is specific enough that occurence can be counted

Question 10

Systematic

Answer 10

design the intervention to be implemented exactly as it is supposed to be (effectiveness)

Question 11

Empirical

Answer 11

evidence must be observable

Question 12

Falsifiable Predictions

Answer 12

when predictions are falsified, theory is abandoned

Question 13

experimentation

Answer 13

most powerful scientific method extensively used in behavior science. At the end, we are confident if nothing changes -> behavior wont change

Question 14

Independent variable

Answer 14

publicly, observable change, controlled by the experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way

Question 15

Determinants of Behavior

Answer 15

nature vs nurture

Question 16

Behavioral epigenetics

Answer 16

examine how nurture shapes nature

Question 17

Dependent Variable

Answer 17

objectively measured target behavior

Question 18

Three components of Independent Variable

Answer 18

1. dependent variable is behavior
2. falsifiable hypothesis
3. manipulation of the independent variable

Question 19

Self-Report

Answer 19

asks the individual to recall if they have engaged in the behavior; may not be truthful

Question 20

Direct observation

Answer 20

behavior is recorded as it occurs, or a lasting product of the behavior occurs

Question 21

Behavioral definitions

Answer 21

precise specification of the topography of the target behavior, allowing observers to reliably identify instances and non-instances

Question 22

Social Validity

Answer 22

the consumer of the intervention or an expert in the field indicates that the behavioral definition accurately reflects the behavior of interest

Question 23

Inter observer Agreement

Answer 23

the extent to which two independent observers data are the same after having directly observed the same behavior at the same time (not accuracy)

Question 24

Frequency

Answer 24

response count divided by time of opportunity to respond

Question 25

Latency

Answer 25

the interval of time between the oppurtunity to respond and the response itself

Question 26

Duration

Answer 26

the interval of time between the start and the end of the behavior

Question 27

Magnitude

Answer 27

the force or intensity of a behavior

Question 28

Four Direct Observation Methods

Answer 28

outcome recording, Event recording, Interval recording, Duration recording

Question 29

Outcome Recording

Answer 29

record the distinct, observable, and lasting products of behavior instead of the behavior itself

Question 30

Event recording

Answer 30

each instance of behavior is recorded at the moment it occurs

Question 31

Partial-interval recording

Answer 31

a direct-observation method used to estimate how frequently behavior occurs. recorded whether or not the behavior occurs during any portion of each in a series of contagious intervals

Question 32

Whole-interval recording

Answer 32

observers record whether or not the behavior occurs throughout each in a series of contiguous intervals

Question 33

Duration Recording

Answer 33

when measuring the latency or the duration of a target behavior

Question 34

Group Experimental Designs

Answer 34

evaluate if the bahvior of a treatment group is statistically significantly different from that of a control group -> if so the difference is attributed to the control group

Question 35

Weaknesses of experimental designs

Answer 35

1. no one wants to be in control group
2. not studying behavior as an individual
3. behavior of two groups will be different-> difficult to detect IV effect
4. reliance on inferential statistics

Question 36

Single-Subject experimental designs

Answer 36

expose individuals to. baseline and experimental phases to determine if IV systematically and reliably changes behavior

Question 37

Internal validity

Answer 37

the experiment provides clear evidence that a functional relation exists between the IV and behavior change (not other causes)

Question 38

Confounds

Answer 38

variables that influence behavior within an experiment but are not controlled by the researcher

Question 39

Comparison (A-B) Design

Answer 39

arranges baseline (A) phase and an experimental (B) phase

Question 40

Stable

Answer 40

over repeated observations, there is little bounce and no systematic trend

Question 41

Reversal (A-B-A) Design

Answer 41

the individuals behavior is evaluated in repededly alternating baseline (A) and experimental (B) phases

Question 42

Alternating-Treatments Design

Answer 42

the IV is turned on and off rapidly to evaluate if this systematically and repeatedly changes behavior

Question 43

Multiple Baseline Designs

Answer 43

evaluates the functional relation between an independent variable and behavior by conducting a series of time stagged A-B comparisons either across behaviors, across situations, or across individuals

Question 44

Visual analysis

Answer 44

involves looking at a graph of a time series single-subject behavior to evaluate if a convincing change occurred when the independent variable was turned off