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Neuroscience > Test Study Guide > Flashcards

Test Study Guide Flashcards

0
Q

Descartes

A

Mechanical nature of movement. Known for his support of mind body dualism. Hydraulic transmission

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1
Q

Herophilus

A

The father of anatomy believed that the ventricles played an important role.

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2
Q

Mind-body dualism

A

Philosophical perspective put forward by Rene Descartes in which the body is mechanistic, whereas the mind is separate and nonphysical.

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3
Q

Galvani & reymond

A

Established electricity as the mode of communication used by the nervous system;known to entertain guest with visits to the basement frog laboratory.

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4
Q

Golgi

A

Italian researcher, Support the concept of the nervous system as vast, in reconnected network of continuous fibers

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5
Q

Neuron doctrine

A

argues that the nervous system was composed of an array of separate, independent cells.

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6
Q

Gall & spurzheim

A

Demonstrate that phrenology is inaccurate, but the notion of localization of function in the nervous system is accurate.

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7
Q

Broca

A

Discovers localization if speech production

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8
Q

Fritsch & hitzig

A

Identify localization of motor function in the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

Cajal

A

Declares that the nervous system is composed of deprecate cells; known for neuron doctrine.

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10
Q

Golgi silver statin

A

Developed by Golgi used to observe single neurons

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11
Q

Nissl statin

A

A statin used to view populations of cell bodies.

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12
Q

Myelin statin

A

Statin used to trace neural pathways

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13
Q

Horseradish peroxidase

A

Statin used to trace axon pathways from their terminals to points of origin

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14
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

an imaging technique that provides information regarding the localization of brain activity

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15
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

a technology for studying the activity of the brain through recordings from electrodes placed on the scalp. First conducted by Hans Berger

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16
Q

Evoked potential

A

an alteration in the EEG recording produced in response to the application of a particular stimulus

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17
Q

Extracellular and intracellular

A

events from a single neuron can be assessed using tiny micro-electrodes surgically implanted in the area of interest.

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18
Q

Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

a technique for stimulating the cortex at regular intervals by applying a magnetic pulse through a wire coil encased in plastic and placed on the scalp

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19
Q

Olds and Milner

A

They found that stimulation to certain parts of the brain acted as reinforcement.

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20
Q

Inferior / Ventral

A

A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four-legged animal.

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21
Q

Neuraxis

A

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

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22
Q

Medial

A

A directional term meaning toward the midline.

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23
Q

Lateral

A

A directional term meaning away from the midline.

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24
Q

Coronal

A

An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face. Also is known as a frontal section.

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25
Q

Midsagittal

A

A sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves.

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26
Q

Dura mater

A

The outermost of the three layers of the meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous system.

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27
Q

Arachnoid layer –

A

The middle layer of the meninges covering the central nervous system.

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28
Q

Pia Mater –

A

The innermost of the layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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29
Q

Subarachnoid space –

A

A space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that lies between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges in the central nervous system.

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30
Q

Ventricle –

A

one of four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

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31
Q

Choroid plexus –

A

The lining of the ventricles, which secretes the cerebrospinal fluid.

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32
Q

Central canal –

A

The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid.

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33
Q

Vertebral artery –

A

one of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull.

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34
Q

Thoracic nerve –

A

One of the twelve pairs of spinal nerves that serve the torso.

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35
Q

Trochlear nerve (4) –

A

A cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the eye.

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36
Q

Sacral nerve –

A

One of the five spinal nerves that serve the backs of legs and the genitals.

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37
Q

Coccygeal nerve –

A

The most caudal of the spinal nerves.

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38
Q

White matter –

A

An area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons.

39
Q

Gray matter –

A

An area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies.

40
Q

Dorsal horns –

A

Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory neurons

41
Q

Ventral horns –

A

Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons.

42
Q

Hindbrain –

A

The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

43
Q

Myelencephalon –

A

The most caudal part of the hindbrain.

44
Q

Reticular formation –

A

A collection of brainstem nuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal

45
Q

Metencephalon –

A

The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum.

46
Q

Pons –

A

A structure located in the metencephalon between the medulla and midbrain; part of the brainstem located in the hindbrain.

47
Q

Vestibular nucleus –

A

A group of cell bodies in the pons that receive input about the location and movement of the head from sensory structures in the inner ear.

48
Q

Raphe nuclei –

A

Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal.

49
Q

Locus coeruleus –

A

A structure in the pons that participates in arousal.

50
Q

Cerebellum – .

A

A structure located in the metencephalon that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans

51
Q

Mesencephalon –

A

Another term for midbrain, the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain

52
Q

Cerebral aqueduct –

A

The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

53
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system –

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage.

54
Q

Red nucleus –

A

A structure located within the reticular formation that communications motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum.

55
Q

Forebrain –

A

The division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon.

56
Q

Diencephalon –

A

A division of the forebrain made up of the hypothalamus and the thalamus.

57
Q

Thalamus –

A

A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory.

58
Q

Hypothalamus

A

a structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression part of the limbic system

59
Q

Telencephalon –

A

The division of the brain comprising the cerebral hemispheres.

60
Q

Basal ganglia

A

a collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement.

61
Q

Caudate

A

nucleus one of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

62
Q

Putamen

A

one of nuclei contained in the basal ganglia.

63
Q

Globus pallidus

A

one of the nuclei making up the basal ganglia.

64
Q

Subthalamic nucleus

A

a small nucleus located ventral to the thalamus that is part of the basal ganglia.

65
Q

Limbic system

A

a collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior and learning.

66
Q

Hippocampus

A

a structure deep within the cerebral hemispheres that is involved with the formation of long-term declarative memories part of the limbic system

67
Q

Amygdala -

A

an almond shaped structure in the rostral temporal lobes that is part of the limbic system

68
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

a segment of older cortex just dorsal to the corpus

69
Q

Septal area

A

an area anterior to the thalamus and hypothalamus that is often included as part of the limbic system

70
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus .

A

a fold of tissue near the hippocampus that is often included in the limbic system

71
Q

Mammillary body

A

one of two bumps on the ventral surface of the brain that participate in memory and are included in the limbic system

72
Q

Fornix

A

a fiber pathway connecting the hippocampus and mammillary bodies that is often included in the limbic system.

73
Q

Gyrus –

A

One of the “hills” on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex.

74
Q

Sulcus –

A

A “valley” in the convoluted surface of cerebral cortex.

75
Q

Fissure –

A

A large sulcus.

76
Q

Frontal lobe –

A

The most rostral lobe of the cerebral cortex, separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus.

77
Q

Primary motor cortex –

A

An area of the cortex located within the frontal lobe that provides the highest level of command to the motor systems.

78
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex –

A

An area located at the top and sides of the frontal lobe that participates in executive functions such as attention and the planning of behavior.

79
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex –

A

An area of the frontal lobe located just behind the eyes involved in impulse control; damage to this can produce some antisocial behavior.

80
Q

Broca’s area –

A

An area near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that participates in speech production.

81
Q

Parietal lobe – .

A

One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex, located between the frontal and occipital lobes

82
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex –

A

An area of the sensory cortex located within the parietal lobe that provides the highest level of processing for body senses such as touch, position, temperature, and pain.

83
Q

Temporal lobe –

A

The lobe of the cerebral cortex lying ventral and lateral to the frontal lobes of the cortex.

84
Q

Primary auditory cortex –

A

An area of the sensory cortex located within the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of sound information.

85
Q

Occipital lobe –

A

The most caudal lobe of the cortex; location of primary visual cortex.

86
Q

Primary visual cortex –

A

An area of the sensory cortex located within the occipital lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of visual information.

87
Q

Association cortex –

A

Areas of the cortex that link and integrate sensory and motor information.

88
Q

Corpus callosum –

A

A wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

89
Q

Anterior commissure –

A

A small bundle of axons that connects structures in the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

90
Q

Somatic nervous system –

A

The peripheral nervous system division that brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord and returns commands to the muscles.

91
Q

Autonomic nervous system –

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that directs the activity of the glands, organs, and smooth muscles of the body.

92
Q

Sympathetic nervous system –

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal.

93
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system –

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage.

94
Q

Mixed nerves –

A

Spinal nerves that carry both sensory and motor information.

95
Q

Afferent nerve –

A

A nerve that carries sensory information to the CNS.

96
Q

Efferent nerve –

A

A nerve that carries motor commands away from the CNS.

Neuroscience (3 decks)

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