Test Study Guide Flashcards
Descartes
Mechanical nature of movement. Known for his support of mind body dualism. Hydraulic transmission
Herophilus
The father of anatomy believed that the ventricles played an important role.
Mind-body dualism
Philosophical perspective put forward by Rene Descartes in which the body is mechanistic, whereas the mind is separate and nonphysical.
Galvani & reymond
Established electricity as the mode of communication used by the nervous system;known to entertain guest with visits to the basement frog laboratory.
Golgi
Italian researcher, Support the concept of the nervous system as vast, in reconnected network of continuous fibers
Neuron doctrine
argues that the nervous system was composed of an array of separate, independent cells.
Gall & spurzheim
Demonstrate that phrenology is inaccurate, but the notion of localization of function in the nervous system is accurate.
Broca
Discovers localization if speech production
Fritsch & hitzig
Identify localization of motor function in the cerebral cortex
Cajal
Declares that the nervous system is composed of deprecate cells; known for neuron doctrine.
Golgi silver statin
Developed by Golgi used to observe single neurons
Nissl statin
A statin used to view populations of cell bodies.
Myelin statin
Statin used to trace neural pathways
Horseradish peroxidase
Statin used to trace axon pathways from their terminals to points of origin
Positron emission tomography (PET)
an imaging technique that provides information regarding the localization of brain activity
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
a technology for studying the activity of the brain through recordings from electrodes placed on the scalp. First conducted by Hans Berger
Evoked potential
an alteration in the EEG recording produced in response to the application of a particular stimulus
Extracellular and intracellular
events from a single neuron can be assessed using tiny micro-electrodes surgically implanted in the area of interest.
Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
a technique for stimulating the cortex at regular intervals by applying a magnetic pulse through a wire coil encased in plastic and placed on the scalp
Olds and Milner
They found that stimulation to certain parts of the brain acted as reinforcement.
Inferior / Ventral
A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four-legged animal.
Neuraxis
An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.
Medial
A directional term meaning toward the midline.
Lateral
A directional term meaning away from the midline.
Coronal
An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face. Also is known as a frontal section.
Midsagittal
A sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves.
Dura mater
The outermost of the three layers of the meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous system.
Arachnoid layer –
The middle layer of the meninges covering the central nervous system.
Pia Mater –
The innermost of the layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Subarachnoid space –
A space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that lies between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges in the central nervous system.
Ventricle –
one of four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
Choroid plexus –
The lining of the ventricles, which secretes the cerebrospinal fluid.
Central canal –
The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Vertebral artery –
one of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull.
Thoracic nerve –
One of the twelve pairs of spinal nerves that serve the torso.
Trochlear nerve (4) –
A cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the eye.
Sacral nerve –
One of the five spinal nerves that serve the backs of legs and the genitals.
Coccygeal nerve –
The most caudal of the spinal nerves.
White matter –
An area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons.
Gray matter –
An area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies.
Dorsal horns –
Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory neurons
Ventral horns –
Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons.
Hindbrain –
The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
Myelencephalon –
The most caudal part of the hindbrain.
Reticular formation –
A collection of brainstem nuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal
Metencephalon –
The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum.
Pons –
A structure located in the metencephalon between the medulla and midbrain; part of the brainstem located in the hindbrain.
Vestibular nucleus –
A group of cell bodies in the pons that receive input about the location and movement of the head from sensory structures in the inner ear.
Raphe nuclei –
Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal.
Locus coeruleus –
A structure in the pons that participates in arousal.
Cerebellum – .
A structure located in the metencephalon that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans
Mesencephalon –
Another term for midbrain, the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain
Cerebral aqueduct –
The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles.
Parasympathetic nervous system –
The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage.
Red nucleus –
A structure located within the reticular formation that communications motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum.
Forebrain –
The division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon.
Diencephalon –
A division of the forebrain made up of the hypothalamus and the thalamus.
Thalamus –
A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory.
Hypothalamus
a structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression part of the limbic system
Telencephalon –
The division of the brain comprising the cerebral hemispheres.
Basal ganglia
a collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement.
Caudate
nucleus one of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia
Putamen
one of nuclei contained in the basal ganglia.
Globus pallidus
one of the nuclei making up the basal ganglia.
Subthalamic nucleus
a small nucleus located ventral to the thalamus that is part of the basal ganglia.
Limbic system
a collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior and learning.
Hippocampus
a structure deep within the cerebral hemispheres that is involved with the formation of long-term declarative memories part of the limbic system
Amygdala -
an almond shaped structure in the rostral temporal lobes that is part of the limbic system
Cingulate cortex
a segment of older cortex just dorsal to the corpus
Septal area
an area anterior to the thalamus and hypothalamus that is often included as part of the limbic system
Parahippocampal gyrus .
a fold of tissue near the hippocampus that is often included in the limbic system
Mammillary body
one of two bumps on the ventral surface of the brain that participate in memory and are included in the limbic system
Fornix
a fiber pathway connecting the hippocampus and mammillary bodies that is often included in the limbic system.
Gyrus –
One of the “hills” on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex.
Sulcus –
A “valley” in the convoluted surface of cerebral cortex.
Fissure –
A large sulcus.
Frontal lobe –
The most rostral lobe of the cerebral cortex, separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus.
Primary motor cortex –
An area of the cortex located within the frontal lobe that provides the highest level of command to the motor systems.
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex –
An area located at the top and sides of the frontal lobe that participates in executive functions such as attention and the planning of behavior.
Orbitofrontal cortex –
An area of the frontal lobe located just behind the eyes involved in impulse control; damage to this can produce some antisocial behavior.
Broca’s area –
An area near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that participates in speech production.
Parietal lobe – .
One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex, located between the frontal and occipital lobes
Primary somatosensory cortex –
An area of the sensory cortex located within the parietal lobe that provides the highest level of processing for body senses such as touch, position, temperature, and pain.
Temporal lobe –
The lobe of the cerebral cortex lying ventral and lateral to the frontal lobes of the cortex.
Primary auditory cortex –
An area of the sensory cortex located within the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of sound information.
Occipital lobe –
The most caudal lobe of the cortex; location of primary visual cortex.
Primary visual cortex –
An area of the sensory cortex located within the occipital lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of visual information.
Association cortex –
Areas of the cortex that link and integrate sensory and motor information.
Corpus callosum –
A wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Anterior commissure –
A small bundle of axons that connects structures in the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Somatic nervous system –
The peripheral nervous system division that brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord and returns commands to the muscles.
Autonomic nervous system –
The division of the peripheral nervous system that directs the activity of the glands, organs, and smooth muscles of the body.
Sympathetic nervous system –
The division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal.
Parasympathetic nervous system –
The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage.
Mixed nerves –
Spinal nerves that carry both sensory and motor information.
Afferent nerve –
A nerve that carries sensory information to the CNS.
Efferent nerve –
A nerve that carries motor commands away from the CNS.
