Chapter 14

Question 0

Understand the evolution of emotions

Answer 0

One possible advantage of emotions is their contribution to general arousal; when the brain perceives a situation requiring action, emotions provide the arousal needed to tigger a response. Emotions manage our approach an withdrawal behaviors relative to particular environment stimuli. Enhance survival by helping us communicate.

Question 1

Emotions and the two major components.

Answer 1

Combination of physical sensations and the conscious experience of a feeling. Demonstrate valence or a generally positive or negative quality.

Two components: physical sensation such as rapid heart beat and conscious subjective experience of feeling such as scared.

Question 2

Understand the yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 2

Yerkes and Dodson (1908) observed for simple tasks such as outrunning a predator greater arousal tended to lead to superior performance. For complex tasks, we see deficits in performance when arousal levels are too high- performing badly on test.

Question 3

Understand nonverbal communication

Answer 3

Consist of facial expression an body language and provides an important source of social information. For example body expression of fear can communicate important in an immediate, arousing and contagious manner.

Question 4

The evolution of emotion

Answer 4

Contribute to general arousal , approach/avoidance behavior and enhance survival by helping us communicate.

Question 5

The two major pathways that control facial expression and what happens if they are damaged.

Answer 5

Motor cortex which is responsible for voluntarily expression and subcortical system in the brainstorm which is responsible for spontaneous expression.

People with damage to the primary motor cortex are unable to smile on command on the side contralateral to their damage however they show some spontaneous smiling this is called volitional facial paresis- voluntary emotion is impaired.

Question 6

understand the biological influences on emotional expression

Answer 6

Anger, sadness, happiness, fear, disgust, surprise, contempt, and embarrassment are major emotional expression that appear to be universal across human cultures. The developmental progression of expression and recognition is the same in both humans and primates. Follows a fairly regular timeline with little influence of experience. Figure 14.4 and figure 14.5 timeline shows that children from diverse cultures show similar reactions to separations so they have the greatest emotional reactions at the same time suggesting that emotional behavior has a biological origin.

Question 7

understand the environmental influences on emotion ( how culture influences emotional expression)

Answer 7

Although basic emotional expression is innate, our culture do influences how we show emotions. The presence of other people often influences the intensity of emotional expression. Study done: Japanese were less expressive around unfamiliar peers and Americans no differences.

Question 8

know individual differences in emotion

Answer 8

Individual are different from one another in their overall levels of emotional reactivity. Infants who are highly reactive to environmental stimuli are at greater risk for anxiety and mood disorder later in life and low reactive have antisocial behaviors. Depending on how reactive they are as infants can ultimately show how the many develop disorders. One source of these individual differences appears to be the amygdala which plays a crucial role in interpretation of emotional stimuli. Individual with major depressive disorder show higher levels of activity in the amygdala. Amygdala involved in negative emotions fear aggression and anxiety.

Question 9

know the taletell signs of a liar

Answer 9

Stumbles verbally adding um’s and uh’s Stiffen head and upper body. Nod heads less frequently and don’t use hand gestures as much. Inappropriate smiling and laughing can result from nervousness. Avoid eye contact; Feet begin swinging.

Question 10

polygraph

Answer 10

Polygraph or lie-detector test are unreliable. Data reflects arousal and an innocent person might be aroused out of fear.

Question 11

James-Lange Theory

Answer 11

Awareness of our physical state leads to identification of subjective feeling.Your experience of emotion is your awareness of your physical response to emotion arousal stimuli. Arousal and then experiences emotion. Awareness physical state leads to identify of feeling. Figure 14.7 unstable bridge caused aroused in turn they had sexual behavior toward the girl on the bridge. Thought she was attractive. Supported by Facial feedback if you smile when depressed chances mood.
include empathy and catharsis.

Question 12

empathy

Answer 12

The ability to relate to the feelings of another person.

Question 13

Catharsis

Answer 13

“purging” the relief of tension through the expression of emotion.

Question 14

Canon-Bard Theory

Answer 14

the subjective and physical responds occur simultaneously and independently. Happen at the same time. Independent from each other the central nervous system has the ability to produce an emotion directly without needing feedback from the peripheral nervous system.

Question 15

Schacter-singer Theory

Answer 15

Instead a stimulus first produces general arousal. Once aroused we make a conscious cognitive appraisal of our circumstances which allows us to identify our subjective feelings. One direct test involves injecting epinephrine (adrenalin).

Question 16

The somatosensory cortex

Answer 16

encodes this entire pattern of experience as a somatic marker.

Question 17

somatic maker

Answer 17

an association formed between a stimuli and resulting patterns of physical activation.

Question 18

understand the Autonomic Nervous system and what brain structures are involved.

Answer 18

Controls many activities of our organs and glands, participates in general arousal associated with emotional states. Sympathetic division is responsible for fight or flight response and parasympathetic division participates in resting activities such as digesting food and repair body tissues. Triggers adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Provides energy by your liver pouring more sugar into blood stream increase respiration. Depriates more blood to muscles. ANS answers to the hypothalamus directly or by nucleus of the solitary tract, a structure located in the medulla that receives input from the hypothalamus and participates in the control of the ANS. Heart rate, finger temperature, skin conductance, and muscle activity appear to produce different patterns during different emotional states and degree and reliability of such differences remains dispute. General differences such as correlation of autonomic measures and positive or negative emotions are clear. Hypothalamus in your brain control ASN. Stronger with negative emotions.

Question 19

amygdala and what happens when its damaged.

Answer 19

It is composed of three cluster of nuclei: basolateral nuclei, corticomedial nuclei and central nuclei. It’s located at the anterior tip of each temporal lobe just below the cortex on the medial side. Participates in variety of processes including emotion, reward, motivation, learning, memory and attention. Receives info from many areas of the neocortex, especially sensory cortex from the cingulate cortex and from the hippocampus. In turn projects to numerous areas of the brain including frontal and temporal lobes of the cortex, olfactory bulb and cortex, the basal ganglia, the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens. Amygdala is Important in identification and expression of emotion. If Damaged reduced emotional states: fear anxiety and aggression.

Question 20

Kliiver- bucy syndrome

Answer 20

removing temporal lobes in monkey’s collection of symptoms including tameness, extreme sexual behavior, and oral exploration that results from damage to the temporal lobes, and the amygdala in particular. Monkeys not very fearful.

Question 21

The cingulate cortex

Answer 21

Serve as major gate way between the amygdala, other limbic structures and the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is target of a number of pathways communicating info about physical pain. ACC participates in social pain and cooperates with the orbitofrontal cortex in processing reward and decision making as well as inhibition of aggression.

Question 22

The cerebral cortex

Answer 22

Frontal lobe mediates personality and involves emotional distribution. People with issue in the frontal lobe IQ can be normal but they rejection of emotions with fear and anxiety especially. Involves envision and judge whether sometime is appreciate if damage you don’t have envision. Frontal lobotomies 1939 to 1951 18,000 Americans were treated range from schizophrenia to depression to anxiety. Ice pick surgery wigged back and forth severing the connections the frontal lobe. Patients were discontinued; seizures, lack of inhibition impulsivity or lack of initiative. Video: have stoke on right side, left is more associated with positive emotions. Dichotic listening where left ear is able to pick meaning and right side emotional content. Right is better in interrupting emotional and figuring out facial expression quicker. Asymmetry facial expression right expression more when smile left side smiles more. Figure 14.13

Question 23

patterns of activation and emotion

Answer 23

Widespread areas of the brain appear to be associated with each specific emotion and areas associated with different emotions show considerable overlap. PET scan of 41 participants were observed as the experience anger, sadness, fear and happiness. They were instructed to recall a specific event and recreate the feelings. The result indicated that complex patterns of activity involving multiple regions of the brain characterized each emotion although all 4 emotions were distinct from one another single brain regions might participant in more than one of the emotional states.
areas associated with emotion show considerable overlap

Question 24

Pleasure and reward what did Olds & Milner discover?

Answer 24

Old and miner implanted a wire electrode in the rat. They were able to electrically stimulate themselves. Implanted in septal area. Rat would press lever to stimulate their brain 7,000 times per hour. Could not get enough of it. Forgo food and drinking to just press this lever. Would not cross where they would get stocked for food but yes for lever. Found that this side of brain mediates pleasure and reward.

Question 25

Electrical self-stimulation of the brain (ESB)

Answer 25

a behavior engaged in willingly by research subjects that leads to electrical stimulation of certain parts of the brain

Question 26

The mesolimbic system

Answer 26

Known as the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Has powerful reinforcement effects. Connects the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of midbrain to areas in the limbic systems. Specially the forebrain including lateral hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens. Figure 14.16 All of these are high in dopamine. Mesolimbic system involves reward and pleasure. Know handout on pg. 420 all addictive behaviors involve this system.

Question 27

reward, decision making and the cortex

Answer 27

To survive animals must know when to approach and avoid certain things. Mesolimbic system begins the process of responding to rewarding stimuli. If something makes us feel good we want it. Receives input from not only the mesolimbic system, but anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as well as orbitofrontal lobes. Found that rats in t maze choice larger reward versus smaller one even if they have to climb a barrier. But if there’s a lesion in anterior cingulate they’ll go for smaller reward. And if Injury to orbitofrontal lobe they also do smaller reward. We know that the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are important in preference of larger reward versus smaller immediate rewards. All about delaying gratification

Question 28

aggression and violence

Answer 28

. Predatory aggression is premeditated or planned in advance, goal directed and relatively unemotional. Impulsive aggression occurs in response to some proactive stimulus that produces fear or anger.

Question 29

genetics and aggression

Answer 29

Aggression in species can be from dominance. Usually for species to kill their own only humans and chimpanzees kill their own. aggression can be selectively bred

Question 30

brain structures and aggression

Answer 30

They have found that certain brain structure are implied in aggression so they found if they remove cerebral cortices produces violent rage. Animals would get super upset if you pated them on the head. This called sham rage – a violent reaction to normally innocuous stimuli following removal of the cerebral cortices. This animals if you essentially removed their neocortex which showed there sham rage were they would get upset; found that the cortices was suppose to inhibit the hypothalamus and subcortical structures. So they found if they were to activate the hypothalamus that the sham rage would be shown. Found the amygdala seems to be involved in aggression. If they activate the amygdala in one area it make animal more aggressive but then if the activate another area the animal will become afraid. Both hypothalamus and amygdala when stimulated can produce this aggression behavior. Violent people may have more activation in the amygdala. Anterior cingulate cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex inhibit aggressive behavior. Since they involved in decision making and evaluating consequences both positive and negative. Antisocial behavior are associated with abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex. Impulsive murder have lower activation in the orbitofrontal cortex but not premeditate murders. Figure 14.1 talks about how human beings have a genetic predisposition to violence. But culture and learning determines how much violence there is.

Question 31

biochemistry and aggression

Answer 31

Drugs use especially Alcohol use interacts with human aggression. Alcohol contributes to violence by reducing the inhibition of aggression. Alcohol adds to GABA which is inhibitory so it inhibits your frontal cortex which is involved in remission. So when you drink you feel like you can do anything. Testosterone is involved in aggression. Those exposed to testosterone in the womb more aggressive and testosterone levels were higher in aggressive males. Also, higher in teens and adults that abused drugs. Competition increase testosterone and that may cause aggression. Serotonin seems to be involved in aggression specifically if you have lower of serotonin cause aggression. We know serotonin facilities the activity of the prefrontal cortical regions so if you have less serotonin then that means there is less activity in prefrontal cortex. People that have violent suicide or impulsive violence show less serotonin levels. Testosterone higher levels more aggression and serotonin lower levels more aggression. Figure 14.20 participants that were exposed to high doses of testosterone during prenatal development. They more aggressive than the ones that weren’t exposed to testosterone.

Question 32

stress

Answer 32

an unpleasant and disruptive state resulting from the perception of danger or threat.

Question 33

stressor

Answer 33

a source of stress

Question 34

understand hans selye and the general adaptation syndrome (gas)

Answer 34

Three phases: alarm reaction, resistance stage and exhaustion stage. When the stressor is first perceived and identified the alarm reaction kicks in. same thing that happens when the sympathetic system kicks in that fight or flight response. If stressful situation continues, we enter the resistance stage. This is less physically then alarm stage but body is still expending considerable energy just copying stress while also attempting to maintain our normal activities. It’s like long term stress. If stress continues further we enter exhaustion stage were strength and energy are very low levels. We people have more like to get diseases sometimes even death can happen.

Question 35

physical and psychological responses to stress

Answer 35

We can trace what happens were first our sensory systems detect a stimuli your eyes see the long coming at you. At the point you see the lion, you’re going to access all this memories lions eat people and then that info is going to go to the amygdala which is going to produce a fear response. * do not need to know this section* only know the hypothalamus is involved in autonomic nervous system; adrenal glands release cortisol during stress. Starts in hypothalamus, which is very involved on the stress response because it not only mediates the ANS but also mediates cortisol release. Cortisol is release during stress and starts in the hypothalamus. Figure 14.22 do not need to know

Question 36

stress, the immune system and health

Answer 36

Because the immune system is suppressed because of cortisol release because lymphocytes which are white blood cells which flight invaders is suppressed by cortisol. This is why immune system is just shot. Heart disease type A people usually hostile and competition. I have to get somewhere right away. Type b are mellow. Type A people are frequency suspicious, angry, and resentful of others. Higher rate of heart attacks. Current research found that it’s a certain characteristic of type A people that make them more prone to heart attacks. (Hostile usually)