Test - Statistics and Epidemiology

Question 1

Independent variables

Answer 1

variable the researcher is manipulating

Question 2

Dependent variables

Answer 2

the effect of the independent variables (outcome variable)

Question 3

What are the 4 levels of data?

Answer 3

Norminal, ordinal, internal, ratio

Question 4

Norminal

Answer 4

the number is a label i.e. male or female

Question 5

Ordinal

Answer 5

has an order - i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd in a race

Question 6

Internal

Answer 6

has a fixed value between numbers e.g. temperature

Question 7

ratio

Answer 7

has a fixed value between numbers but has an absolute zero - e.g. time to finish the race, power, forces etc

Question 8

What are the measures of central tendency?

Answer 8

Mean, median, mode

Question 9

Mean

Answer 9

the average of the values

Question 10

Median

Answer 10

the middle number

Question 11

Mode

Answer 11

the most frequent number

Question 12

What are the masures of variation?

Answer 12

Standard deviation (SD) and range

Question 13

Variation

Answer 13

Spread of data

Question 14

Standard deviation

Answer 14

How data is distributed
Measures variation round the mean
How much the members of a group differ from mean value for the group

Question 15

Range

Answer 15

expressed either as the biggest to smallest number in the data or the difference between the biggest to smallest

Question 16

To determine the effect a treatment (independent variable) has on a measure (dependent variable)

Answer 16

Hypothesis testing

Question 17

Null hypothesis

Answer 17

e.g. there is no difference between the flexibility of men and women

Question 18

What is a p-value a measure of?

Answer 18

probability - the null hypothesis is true

Question 19

Hypothsis testing steps

Answer 19

1. Set a null hypothesis
2. Set research (alternative) hypothesis
3. Set significance level
4. Collect data
5. Statistical test
6. P-value from test
7. Compare p value to significance level
8. Conclusion - make decision

Question 20

What does p<0.05 indicate?

Answer 20

Significant difference

Question 21

What does p>0.05 indicate?

Answer 21

no significant difference

Question 22

What is the drawback of the p-value?

Answer 22

Does not tell us what the difference is, or how large the difference is

Question 23

Gives us a range of values in which we are confident the population mean is likely to fall

Answer 23

confident interval

Question 24

Supplementing the p-values with ‘likely’ or confidence interval will indicate the possible size of the effect

Answer 24

95% confidence interval

Question 25

T-test

Answer 25

Identify a difference between or within groups

Question 26

Correlation

Answer 26

Identify a relationship between variables

Question 27

Regression

Answer 27

Prediction

Question 28

Science that studies patterns, causes and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations

Answer 28

Epidemiology

Question 29

What are the 3 measures used to describe occurrence/risk of disease

Answer 29

incidence, prevalence, relative risk

Question 30

Incidence

Answer 30

risk of contracting disease

Question 31

Prevalance

Answer 31

how widespread disease is

Question 32

Relative risk

Answer 32

Risk of exposure

Question 33

Concerned with the treatment and analysis of data from biological, medical, and health-related studies

Answer 33

Biostatistics

Question 34

Concerned with the treatment and analysis of data from biological, medical, and health-related studies

Answer 34

Biostatistics

Question 35

Number of deaths in a specific population

Answer 35

Mortality rate

Question 36

Having a disease, symptom of disease, or to the population of disease within a population

Answer 36

Morbidity

Question 37

The state of being subject to death

Answer 37

Mortality

Question 38

What is the hierarchy of evidence

Answer 38

Different research designs vary in the quality of evidence they produce for a cause-and-effect relationships between variables

Question 39

What measure conveys information about the risk of contracting a disease?

Answer 39

Incidence

Question 40

What measure indicates how widespread disease is?

Answer 40

Prevalance