Test Review

Question 1

what are the 3 pathways of influence for education?

Answer 1

1) health knowledge and behaviours
2) employment and income
3) social and psychological resources

Question 2

how does education improve health knowledge and behaviours?

Answer 2

• education fosters literacy literacy skills, which helps with decision-making
• fosters better healthier behaviours from a young age

Question 3

how does education influence employment and income?

Answer 3

• education leads to better jobs, income and benefits (i.e healthcare)
• leads to better living conditions, access to more resources, less financial stress

Question 4

how does education influence social and psychological resources?

Answer 4

• education leads to stronger social networks
• fosters greater sense of control, autonomy and well-being

Question 5

in what ways does a parent’s education impact their child?

Answer 5

• child health outcomes (chronic disease, mental illness, substance use)
• early development and learning
• future opportunities and income
• “social mobility”

Question 6

what is the life course perspective?

Answer 6

• a perspective that recognizes that health at any stage of life is influenced by experiences during prior life stages
• emphasizes that adult health is powerfully shaped by childhood experiences

Question 7

what are Benzival’s 3 pathways for early life experiences?

Answer 7

1) cumulative = death by a thousand cuts
2) latent = early exposure, but outcome later in life
3) pathway = early life experiences influence the trajectory of one’s life

Question 8

what are the 6 key aspects of Benzeval’s “Life Course Perspective” ?

Answer 8

1) cumulative disadvantage
2) social context
3) critical periods
4) life events and transitions
5) timing and sequence
6) agency and control

Question 9

why do experiences in early childhood matter?

Answer 9

• the first 5 years are critical for long term health
• early experiences shape cognitive, emotional and behavioural development

positive conditions = better health and social outcomes
adverse conditions = higher risk of poor health and social disadvantage

Question 10

what social and economic conditions affect health?

Answer 10

• income, education and neighbourhood affect children’s health
• parental income and education impact child development
• systemic racism and poverty increases health risks
• chronic stress (“toxic stress”) leads to long-term health issues

Question 11

what are key risks for children in poverty?

Answer 11

• food insecurity = poor nutrition = obesity and chronic disease
• poor housing conditions = exposure to environmental hazards = health problems
• unsafe neighbourhoods = crime = higher stress and risk of injury

Question 12

what is the relationship between income and litreracy?

Answer 12

• individuals from low-income families are exposed to less words, less complex speech = lower literacy rates
• parents with lower income and educational attainment provide less stimulation for their child’s brain development

Question 13

how does lack of stimulation impact children?

Answer 13

• poor impulse control
• reduced attention span
• poor academic performance
• poor social and emotional skills

Question 14

what is considered the most effective intervention for early childhood development?

Answer 14

• early care and education programs has been shown to have positive short- and long-term health outcomes
• the positive impact are NOT confined to a particular social group – they are apparent across various SES and income groups