Test Review Flashcards
Method of constructing network diagrams, aka AON, uses nodes to represent activities with nodes connected with arrows; does not represent loops or conditional branches
Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)
narrative description of resources, goods, or services that are being sought from external sources to fulfill a project’s requirements, distributed to potential vendors, who will use it to evaluate their capability to perform this work
Statement of Work (SOW)
document for project sign-off that varies from company to company and indicates the customer’s authorization of a project
project charter
What are the phases (aka process groups) of the project management cycle and their outputs?
- Initiating: make business case, charter project, assemble core team. Project purpose, goals and objectives, project charter
- Planning: project management plans, scope statement, WBS, project schedule, project costs
- Executing: actual work; deliverables, quality improvement, proposals and contracts
- Monitoring and Controlling: progress/performance measurements, change requests, corrective action, risk and issues log
- Closing: confirm objectives were met, turn over product; formal acceptance and closure, project archives, lessons learned, transition and training
Hybrid of a bar and line chart that identifies what sources account for most of a problem’s causes; the bar is proportion of individual causes to the problem, and the line is the cumulative proportion of causes to the problem.
Pareto Diagram
What are the team development stages?
- Forming - learn about project, meet, agree upon roles/responsibilities
- Storming - work begins, conflict likely, requires PM leadership
- Norming - adjustments/compromises, cultural norms established
- Adjourning - work complete
sent from one company to another to summarize their willingness to enter into a proposed deal, idenfities key business and contractual understandings that will for the basis of the final contract. aka Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
Letter of Intent (LOI)
the excess time before the start of a next project activity. Amount of time the task can be delayed without delaying any other activity in the project. Smallest difference between the early finish of a task and the early start of all the task’s successors. Only occurs when two or more activities share a common successor
Free float
the time delay between the start or finish of an activity and the start or finish of its successor
lag
methods of resolving negative float
crashing, fast tracking, adding resources to the critical path, re-re-estimating or extending project schedule
Occurs when the the late date is earlier than the early date
negative float
Measure of how well the project is performing with regard to the budget. Greater than 1 indicates the project is under budget
Cost Performance Index (CPI)
How do you calculate float?
Late Start - Early Start (LS - ES)
or
Late Finish - Early Finish (LF - EF)
The amount of time a particular task can slip before the critical path is affected
float (or slack)
conflict resolution type that brings viewpoints together to discuss and reach a solution
negotiating
conflict resolution type that uses multiple viewpoints to come to a consensus between parties
confronting
conflict resolution type that searches for a solution that will bring satisfaction to all parties
compromising
Conflict resolution type that emphasizes areas of agreement rather than areas of disagreement
smoothing
Detailed breakdown of deliverables of a project. Lists the tasks in the project, estimated time each task will take, and hierarchy of tasks in predecessor and successor layout. Does not include resources
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Formal, approved document used to manage project execution. Includes scope, schedule, and cost baselines, and a list of project constraints. Also includes all subsidiary management plans.
Project management plan
Responsibilities of a SCRUM master
- translates the needs of product owners and customers
- handles external impediments
- ensures effective communication
Tool used in the Quality Assurance and Quality Control Processes. Usually show frequency at which a characteristic or condition occurs
Histogram
Opposite of risk avoidance strategy
seeks to eliminate uncertainties by ensuring a risk opportunity is realized
Risk exploitation
Cost-reimbursable contract where seller is reimbursed for all allowable costs and may receive an award based on satisfaction of the purchases
Cost Plus Award Fee (CPAF)
Cost-reimbursable contract where the seller is reimbursed for all allowable costs and also receives an inventive fee for achieving defined metrics
Cost Plus Incentive Fee (CPIF)
Cost-reimbursable contract where the seller is reimbursed for all allowable costs, also receives a fixed-fee payment that is usually a percentage of the initial estimate
Cost Plus Fixed Fee (CPFF)
Contract that pays a fixed price for procured product, also reimburses the vendor for their time as detailed in the contract
Time and Materials (T&M)
Contract that pays a fixed price for the procured product, but allows financial incentives to be added if the vendor achieves the defined metrics
Fixed Price Incentive Fee (FPIF)
Contract that pays a set price for procured goods, regardless of market or economic conditions
Firm Fixed Price (FFP)
Long-term contract that sets a total price for the procured product, but allows price to fluctuate based on market or economic conditions
Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment (FP-EPA)
Procurement document issued by organization to request pricing from vendors who already have an established history with the organization
Ends in contracts or an agreement for procurement
Request for Quote (RFQ)
Chart that tracks project activities over time and displays activity duration. Vertical axis shows activities, horizontal axis shows dates.
Gannt Chart
Line graph of data plotted over time used for trend analysis
run chart
Issued by business to request vendor bids
Ends in a contract or agreement for procurement
Request for Proposal (RFP)
Common approach to narrow down a list of vendors. Identifies requirements and requests vendor specify their experience and availability to meet requirements
Request for Information (RFI)
skilled resources that are retained during downtime but not performing billable tasks
benched resources
the record of personnel and competencies needed for the project
Activity Resource Requirements
depicts roles and responsibilities of assignments
Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)
What is a favorable value for CV and SV? CPI and SPI?
CV, SV: greater than 0
CPI, SPI: greater than 1
What are the change control process steps?
- Identify and document
- Evaluate impact and justification
- Identify approval authority
- Obtain approval
- Implement change
- Validate change/quality check
- Update documents/audit documents/version
What are the primary inputs for WBS?
- project scope statement
- requirements documentation
- organizational process assets
aka risk prioritization; process of identifying risks that pose the greatest threat/opportunity
qualitative risk assessment
determines the severity of risks and finds which risk events require a timely response based on numerical values and evaluating risks/interactions to understand the range of possible outcomes
quantitative risk analysis
numbering system used to uniquely identify each item in a WBS
code of accounts
conflict resolution method used when you want to maintain a good relationship and the stakes are moderate
compromise
What are the two main resource factors that impact actual task durations?
resource availability
resource capabilities
method of adjusting the schedule and assigned resources to ensure that resources are not over committed
resource leveling
What is the underlying principle behind pareto diagrams?
Rank ordering of defects used to guide corrective action
What is free float?
the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the ES of any activity that immediately follows it
reflects probability and impact of each identified risk and determines which risks are more likely to occur/have the highest impact. can be used to create a list of prioritized risks
risk probability-impact (PI) matrix
resolves problems escalated by the PM or project leads; resolves policy problems or at least forwards such issues to the appropriate authority
project steering team
what is the best way to communicate a project change to stakeholders?
- explain the intent of the project changes
- mention the benefits of the changes
a time-phased budget used for measuring and monitoring cost performance
cost performance baseline
what are 4 ways to avoid resource overallocation?
- prioritizing projects and tasks
- resource leveling
- maintaining a shared resource calendar
- allowing breathing space
what are 3 purposes of a kick-off meeting?
- informs team members about the project requirements and tasks involved
- establishes accountability and ownership of each task
- allows all team members to become acquainted with each other
what is an effective way to enhance morale after a successful project completion?
recognize team members at the project’s wrap up meeting
what does a Gantt chart show?
the length of time project tasks will take and the sequence of activities
what is the 10 step process for developing a project schedule?
- Determine tasks
- Determine task start/finish dates
- Determine activity/task durations
- Determine milestones
- Set predecessors
- Set dependencies
- Sequence tasks
- Prioritize tasks
- Determine critical path
- Allocate resources
As the number of critical paths increased, the risk associated with the project __________
increases
comprehensive array of documentation and analysis of a project’s risks
risk register
what are 3 responsibilities of the project team?
- contribute expertise to produce output
- deliver expected output according to schedule
- help estimate duration, cost, dependencies of project tasks
what type of PMO serves in a consulting role, exercises low control, and supplies templates, documentation, training, best practices, access to info from other projects
supportive PMO
what type of PMO manages project directly, exercises a high degree of control, assigns its own PM to each project and ensures projects are handled consistently
directive PMO
what type of PMO provides support and a moderate level of control, does not directly control the PM, but dictate which methodologies and templates must be used and may regularly review the project for compliance
controlling PMO
what three steps should you take to resolve different stakeholder objectives?
- look for common areas
- communicate them to stakeholders
- work toward compromise face-to-face meeting
what are four factors that affect communication technology?
- project environment
- level of privacy required
- availability and ease of use
- location of team members
what is a backward pass used to calculate?
LS or LF
what is forward pass used to calculate?
ES or EF
what does the project schedule include?
when the project is due, tasks that constitute each deliverable, and the resources required
a detailed breakdown of the deliverables of a project that lists the tasks, estimated time of each task, and hierarchy of the tasks
WBS
schedule analysis technique that accommodates limited resources by using duration buffers, used when resource availability restricts the critical path
critical chain method
problem solving technique used to approximate the probability of certain outcomes using simulations with random variables
Monte Carlo analysis
method that seeks help from experts to learn more, identify areas of agreement and disagreement, and find consensus on solving problems
Delphi technique
a technique used mainly during risk identification to understand strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
SWOT analysis
formula for beta distribution
tE = tO + 4tM + tP) / 6
who can conduct audits?
- steering committee
- external auditors
how long does a sprint usually last?
2-4 weeks
a collection of projects (related or unrelated) or programs
portfolio
collection of subprograms, projects, or other coordinated work
program
what is used to track project activities against time?
Gannt chart
what three steps take place in schedule development after resources are allocated?
- Set baseline
- Set quality gates
- Set governance gates
how long are iterations within agile methodology?
7-30 day development cycle
how do you calculate LS?
find ES and add float
which documents are requests for bids from vendors?
RFP and RFQ
an activity or task at the lowest level of the WBS
work package
determines risks either positive or negative to a greater or lesser degree
risk identification
assessing probabilities that a risk will occur and deciding which consequences will have the most impact
risk prioritization
what is the triple constraint?
cost, scope, schedule
describes performance targets and results that reflect performance in meeting objectives; analyzes finance, business processes, customer, and learning and growth
balanced scorecard
