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Test Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gender of English?

A

Referential/Natural

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2
Q

Does English have Inflixes?

A

Yes! Abso”freaking”lutely

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3
Q

Deep structure vs Surface structure

A

Deep and surface structure → Standard theory of Chomsky Deep structure- basis for the semantic interpretation (basic meaning of a sentence) Surface structure- basis for the phonetic realization (form of sentence) example: a) Conrad found two eggs. b) Two eggs were found by Conrad. (They have the same meaning, but different forms→ they share the same Deep Structure)

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4
Q

Morpheme

Lexeme

paradigm

A

M: the smallest eaningful unit of language

L:all reated meanings represented by a single form

P: a system of word forms

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5
Q

What is a Complex sentence

A

A complex sentence is a sentence that contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

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6
Q

Is hungarian an indo European language family?

A

no its closer to finnish the uralic family

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7
Q

What was Bloomfield’s approach to syntax ? What was Chomsky’s?

A

descriptive + context independent = BLOOMFIELD TRADITION generative + context independent = CHOMSKIAN TRADITION

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8
Q

metonymy

A

crown for queen

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9
Q

What is Metonymy? is it a figure of speech?

A

Metonymy is: the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, bottle for wine it is a figure of speech.

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10
Q

Do lexical morphemes precede or follow grammatical morphemes

A

Precede

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11
Q

What are agglutinating languages?

A

An agglutinative language is a type of synthetic language with morphology that primarily uses agglutination. Words may contain different morphemes to determine their meanings, but all of these morphemes remain, in every aspect, unchanged after their unions. Turkish, Finnish, and Japanese

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12
Q

Two sentences can have the same deep structure and the same surface structure True or false

A

false

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13
Q

Does English have Inflection prefixes?

A

No all prefixes are deviational in English

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14
Q

How is the word smog created from smoke and fog what is the process?

A

Blending

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15
Q

“She is a walking dictionary” is an Example of what?

A

it is the example of a metaphor

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16
Q

What is derivational morphology?

A

adding a morpheme to produce a new complex word

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17
Q

In polysynthetic languages…

A

a word could be as long as a clause

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18
Q

What is the declarative sentence word order?

A

SVOMPT

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19
Q

What is Rheme

A

Rheme- nucleus of utterance, represents the new information, commun. dynamism

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20
Q

Absence makes the heart grow fonder idiom or proverb?

A

Proverb

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21
Q

homonymy

A

see/sea Band music/Band ring

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22
Q

Is a morpheme a linguistic sign?

A

Yes

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23
Q

paradigm-

A

set of all the inflected forms which an individual word assume

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24
Q

syntagmatic relations

A

collocations, idioms, proverbs metaphor, metonymy

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25
Q

4 basic types of languages (Sapir, Skalička):

A
  1. Analytic (isolating) language (English, Chinese)
  2. Synthetic language
    a) agglutinating language- Hugar
    b) inflectional language
    3) Polysynthetic language (American Indian l.)
    4) Introflective language
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26
Q

Chronological division of English:

A

Chronological division of English:

Old English (Anglo- Saxon): ▪ Pre- old English (celtic tribes)

450- 700

▪ Early old English (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)

700-900

▪ Late old English (William de Conquer)

900- 1100

Middle English: ▪ Early English

1100- 1300

▪ Late middle English

1300- 1500

Modern English: ▪ Early modern English

1500- 1650

▪ Late modern English

1650- 1800

▪ Present English

1800

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27
Q

Lexemes are?

A

all possible meanings of a word can have

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28
Q

What kind of language is slovak?

A

its inflectional and part the indo european language family the Slavic branch

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29
Q

paradigmatic relations

A

homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy/hyperonymy

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30
Q

polysemy,

A

Beam

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31
Q

Do derivational affixes always change the category of the words the attach?

A

no

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32
Q

In the sentence she was playing with a doll. she represents what?

A

the theme

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33
Q

Buhler’s ORGANON mode

Noan Chomsky

Lyon’s trichotomy

A

B: (Performance- to perform something (to show something); Competence – the ability, skill to do something

N:Linguistic performance - mechanical skills (the ability of reading)necessary for the production and reception of language

Quality of performance depends on quality of competence

Linguistic competence- cognitive skills

necessary for the construction and understanding of meaningful sequences of words

Lyon langug : confidence/ performance/parole

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34
Q

hyponymy/hyperonymy

A

tulip/flower

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35
Q

what is a typical feature or a agglutinative Language

A

Vowel harmony

36
Q

independent clause vs dependent clause

A

an independent clause is “a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.” A dependent clause is “a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought.”

37
Q

Prepositions are content words or function words ?

A

Function words- closed class (articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, determiners, auxiliary v.) - fulfil a grammatical function, but do not carry the main meaning

38
Q

Suppletion is only seen with inflections not derivations true or false? Sing- sang

A

true

39
Q

an example of a collocation

A

Strong tea

40
Q

What are content Words? open or closed?

A

Content words- open class (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs)

41
Q

What is a kernel Sentence

A

a simple, active, declarative sentence containing no modifiers or connectives that may be used in making more elaborate sentences: The sentence “Good tests are short” is made from two kernel sentences: (1) “Tests are short.” (2) “(The) tests are good.”

42
Q

Is Hungarian an indo European language family?

A

no its closer to finnish the uralic family

43
Q

Norm Chomsky represents

A

the generative approach

44
Q

What are Function words? open or closed

A

Function words- closed class (articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, determiners, auxiliary v.) - fulfil a grammatical function, but do not carry the main meaning

45
Q

What is the relationship between form and meaning in agglutinating languages

A

one to one

46
Q

Homophones

A

Be BEE

47
Q

compound sentence vs complex sentence

A

A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. A complex sentence has at least one independent clause plus at least one dependent clause.

48
Q

Allomorphs must be or needn’t be phonetically and semantically similar?

A

needn’t be

49
Q

Synonyms have the same signifiers or the same signified?

A

They have the same signified but different signifiers

50
Q

Norman conquest is an Example of _____________factor Influencing the development of English

A

External dealing with history wars political social etc

51
Q

English Slovak and Irish are members of ?

A

the Indo European family

52
Q

Possessive case [apostrophe] deals with external or internal factors in the development of the English language?

A

The internal history- includes development of language structure- the evolution of phonology, grammar, vocabulary, writing

53
Q

What is Language determinism?

A

The idea that language shapes thought

54
Q

Describe inflectional morphology?

A

adding to a morpheme to produce a new word but the same lexeme

55
Q

What is the basis for phonetic realization (form of the sentence)

A

surface structure

56
Q

What is the basis for basic for the semantic interpretation (the basic meaning of a sentence)

A

Deep structure

57
Q

Collocations, idioms, metaphors and metonymy represent

A

syntagmatic relations between lexical units

58
Q

Edward Sapir is a representative of

A

American Structuralism

59
Q

What kind of language is Slovak?

A

its inflectional and part the indo european language family the Slavic branch

60
Q

The chomskian approach to syntax deals with:

A

Hoe words came into existence generative + context independent = CHOMSKIAN TRADITION

61
Q

Plain English, Plain white shirt and great plains are examples of

A

Polysemy

62
Q

Vladimir Skalicka is a representative of ?

A

Prague Linguistic Circle

63
Q

Conversion

A

using a word in a new class

work as noun is converted to work as a verb

64
Q

Inflection vs Derivation

A

Inflection: providing a words stem with gramatical morphemes

wraps wrapper wrapped

Derivation: affixes something that changes the word

unwrap prewrap

65
Q

Morphology

A

The Form and structure of New words

the man unbuttoned his shirt (5 words)

unbuttoned (3 morphemes)

buttoned (4 phonemes)

b (1) Phone

66
Q

Lexicology

Lexicon

Lexeme

A

Lexicology: the form and meaning of words

Lexicom: Mental vocabulary/dictionary

Lexeme: all meanings of a single word

67
Q

Syntax

A

Syntax the structure of sentences

68
Q

syntagmatic relations and paradigmatic relations

A

basic linguistic relationships which describe the complex structure of a language system.

69
Q

determinant vs determinatum

A

determianant + determinatum

modifier head

tall Man

70
Q

Semantically

Syntatically

A

Semantically refering to semantics

Syntatically refering to syntax

71
Q

inflection two parts

A

Declension – is the occurrence of inflection in nouns, adj and pronouns. When inflecting nouns, we indicate such features as number (sg and pl), gendre or case

Conjugation - is the occurrence of inflections in verbs. It may be affected by person, number, tense, voice, mood and aspect.

72
Q

Cranberry /Czechoslovakia

A

cranberry morphs: are impossble to devide only residual elements

if we divide: cran + berry

do not have lexical- semantic meaning, the analysis should not be possible

Czechoslovakia ,craftsman- neither -o- nor -s- meet the definition of morpheme

73
Q

Root Vs Stem

A

Root- always present in lexeme

Stem- the part of the word without any inflectional morphemes, but it can have derivational ones

74
Q

Lexical morphemes

A

precede gramatical morphemes

open class

Free: root, stems

Bound: prefixes, suffixes

derivational morphology

75
Q

Gramatical Morphemes

A

closed class

Free: function words

Bound affixes

Conju

inflectional morphology

76
Q

Phonetics vs Phonology

A

Phonetics vs Phonology

speech vs Language

parole vs langue

concrete vs abstract

Picture of knights on horses

phonetics was a clear image while the phonolgy night was just lines

77
Q

quirk Word classes

A

Closed: prepositions, pronouns conjunctions auxillary verbs

Open: Nound, ad,j verbs, adverbs

Lesser catergories- numerals, interjection

words of unique function- not, to,

Inflectional affixes

78
Q

Syntactic level

Lexical Level

Morphological Level

Phonic Level

A

Syntactic level

utternance, sentence

Lexical Level

Lexical semantics, lexical unit
Morphological Level

inflectional, derivational, morpheme ,morph

Phonic Level

Phonetis, phonology, phoneme phone

79
Q

Conventionality

Linearity

A

Conventionality

components are linked by way of the speech community

Linearity

utterances are realized in time the syntagmatic nature of langauge

80
Q

ogden Richards

A

semionic triangle

start symbol signifier

rise: sybolizes signification

climax thought or reference concept

fall refers to designation

end referent

81
Q

Type and Token

A

Type- is a particular derived word or phoneme. Token- is an occurrence of this word (type) in language.

  • concrete realization of my abstraction example: [t] – one type, one phoneme

better [t] [td] 2 tokens

82
Q

Paradigm vs Syntagm

A

paradigm substitute

syntagma associate

83
Q

sign

A

1.tree

mental image/concept signified

1+2 =signification

2+3- designation

2.tree

Acoustic image signifier

3.TREE

referent

84
Q

Grammatical case

A

Nominative: Stan/stone Where is (sub) sarah’s money?

Accusative: Stan/stone Where is sarah’s (obj)money?

Genitive: Stanes where is (pos)​sarah’s money?

Dative: stane sarah (rec)got her money.

85
Q

Lipka

A

Morphemes

Lexical grammatical

open case closed class

precede grammer morphemes follow

86
Q
A

Linguistics (2 decks)

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