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Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What is Back formation?

A

Burgle (back-formed from burglar)

a word formation process which consits of the deletion of a potential affix

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2
Q

What is Conversion?

A

a word formation preocess of coining a new word belonging in a different word-class without changing the external form

green instead of putting green

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3
Q

Affixation

A

adding a prefix or a suffix to a word

Bicycle

predetermined

wonderfully

joining

affix: a bound morphene + a free morphene expressing derivational or inflectional catorgories

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4
Q

Inflection vs Derivation

A

Inflection: Does not change the meaning

past tense or plural

Tree

Trees

Derivation: changes the meaning

Likely

Unlikely

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5
Q

Morphology

A

a branch of linguistics studying the internal structure of words and the relations between morphemes

walk

walks walk_ed_ walking walker

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6
Q

Lexicology

A

the study of the form, meaning, and behavior of word

Lexicon: a structured system of words for a language

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7
Q

Syntax

A

A branch of linguistics mainly focusing on the sentence

(word order)

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8
Q

Variables

A

When we conduct a linguistic research, we usually work with a number of variables some of which are independent and some are dependent. This post defines these two types of variables.

An independent variable is what is given (e.g. age, sex, social class, geographical location, occupation), the “input”.

An dependent variable is what results from this set of independent variables (e.g. pronunciation of the phoneme [r], use of a particular dialect, use of a particular sociolect).

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9
Q

Syntagma vs Paragdigm

A

Syntagma: the structual unit of syntax expressing the relation between sentence members

the rigid linear part of the sentence

Paradigm: the changable elements of the sentence

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10
Q

determinant vs determinatum

A

determinant is the modifying constiuent of a complex word

determinant is the modyfying constiuent of a complex word standing for the whole class of objects

Dertiminant + determaninatum

Black + Board

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11
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest meaningful form of language

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12
Q

descriptive grammar

A

grammar whose main focus is description of existing structures

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13
Q

prescriptive grammar

A

a grammar evaluating what is correct or incorrect

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14
Q

Synchrony

A

a linguistic method which studies language as it is at a particular point in time without reference to previous development

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15
Q

grammar

A

a system of rules for a language

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16
Q

Diachrony

A

a linguistic method that studies a language in its historical perspective

basically how languages change over time

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17
Q

Semiotic triangel

A

by ogden and richards

  1. start: symbol
  2. rise: symbolizes a causal relationship
  3. peak: a thought or reference
  4. fall: refers to othe causal relationship
  5. end referent
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18
Q

philology

A

the study of literary texts

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19
Q

Inflection

A

providing word stem with gramatical morphemes

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20
Q

Semantics

A

the field of linguistics studying the meanin g of linguistic units

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21
Q

derivational morphology

A

a subdiscipline of morphology explaining and describing the formation of new words

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22
Q

Compound

A

a word consisting of at least two free morphemes

a sentence consisting of at least two main clauses

23
Q

Arbitrariness

A

in linguistics a relation between form and meaning in particular the form of a linguistic sign does not depend on its meaning

24
Q

Applied linguistics

A

linguistics in practice

education, pschology, archeology

25
Q

Case

A

a secondary category of nouns and adjectivesused in inflectional languages to expressthe relations between words in a sentence

26
Q

2 branches of linguistics

A

internal:

  1. phonetics & phonology 2. morphology&syntax
  2. pragmatics & semantics

External:

  1. psycholinguistic 2.sociolinguistics
  2. anthropological linguistics
  3. philisophical linguistics 5.Stylistics
  4. computaional linguistics 7.applied linguistics
27
Q

Carstair-McCarthy

A

Linguistics as a discipline is hard to classify because it has so much input from a myriad od languages and also so many approaches to analize laguages

28
Q

otto jesperson

A

language was born in the courting days of mankind

language originted while humans were enjoying themselves

29
Q
A
30
Q

Adam /Sarasvati

The Egyptian pharoah Psammetichus

james the IV of scotland

A

Adam /Sarasvati/ gods named all the animals and created language

The events in the city of Babel

the devine source

The Egyptian pharoah Psammetichus

james the IV of scotland

carried out experiments on childrent to see if they could speak automatically

31
Q

onomatopoeic

A

echoing natural sounds

32
Q

bow wow theory

Yo Heave ho theory

The oral gesture source

A

bow wow theory: language developed from natural occuring sounds

Yo Heave ho theory: sound of physical effort can be the source of language

Oral gesture: origin of language could have come from the link orf physical gestures and oral sounds

33
Q

Richard Paget 1930

A

a specialized pantomime of the tongue and lips

34
Q

Glossogentics

A

biological bases for the development and formation of human language

35
Q

Morpheme breakdown

A

The smallest linguistic unit that has meaning

The man unbuttoned his shirt (5 word sentence)

unbuttoned (3 morphemes)

button (4 phonemes)

b (1 phoneme)

36
Q

Morphemes parts

A

roots

affiixes

infixes*

37
Q

Polysynthetic Languages (yupik)

vs

Isolating languages

A

Polysynthetic: Languages that form words with many morphemes

Isolating: Words are usually similar morphemes

38
Q

Allomorphy

A

a single morpheme can vary depending on the phonological enviroment

hogs = hogz

gloves= glovz

witches = witchez

after fricatives and sibilants(hissing) -ez

after voiced sounds -z

after voiceless -s

39
Q

constituent

A

a word or group of words that function as a single unit

40
Q

Hierarchy

A

i got a bad feeling about this

[I] noun phrase

[Got a bad feling about this]

[Go] verb

[a bad feeling about this] phrase

41
Q

What is Linguistics

A

Linguistics (linguistic science) is the scientific study of human language.- Crystal

The name given to the discipline which studies human language- Widdowson

From Latin lingua= languages- study of languages in all its amazing diversity

42
Q

Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields:

A
  1. the study of language form
  2. that of language meaning
  3. of language in a broader context
43
Q

Ferdinand de Saussure- SYNCHRONIC vs. DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS

A

In linguistics, a synchronic analysis is one that views linguistic phenomena only at a given point in time, usually the present, though a synchronic analysis of a historical language form is also possible. (Ex. Dialects)

Diachronic studies language in its development through time. Diachronic analysis is the main concern of historical linguistics (Ex. Changes of cases); most other branches of linguistics are concerned with some form of synchronic analysis.

44
Q

GRAMMAR

A

universal (principles common to grammars of all human languages),

prescriptive (prescribes what speaker´s grammatical rules should be; prescribes how to speak),

descriptive (a linguist‘s description or model of the mental grammar, the units, structures, and rules of speakers of a particular language; an attempt to state what speakers unconsciously know about their language; describe how language works)

morphology + syntax

45
Q

Phonetics

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Lexicology

Semantics

Lexicon

Prescriptive grammar

Descriptive grammar

Universal grammar

Arbitrary word

Onomatopoeic

A

Phonetics à the study of speech sounds

Phonology à the study of the distinctive sound units (phonemes)

Morphology à form and structure of words

Syntax à the structure of sentences

Lexicology à form & meaning of words

Semantics à the study of meaning

Lexicon à mental vocabulary

Prescriptive grammar à how a lg. is to be used

Descriptive grammar à how lg. is used in practice

Universal grammar à lg. system that is used by all lgs.

Arbitrary à the relationship between an object and its word

Onomatopoeic words à words that represent what they sound (it is not arbitrary)

46
Q

SOURCES AND PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE

A
  1. The divine source
  2. The natural- sound source
    a) Bow- wow theory-
    b) The pooh- pooh theory-
    c) Yo-heave-ho theory-
  3. The oral- gesture source
  4. Glossogentics
  5. Physiological adaptio
47
Q

PROPERTIES

Arbitrariness

Cultural transmission

Discreteness

Displacement

Duality

Productivity

A

Arbitrariness:there is no “natural” connection between a linguistic form and its meaning

Cultural transmission: lg. is passed on from one generation to the next (adopted child acquires new lg.)

Discreteness:each sound in language is treated as discrete (unique)

Displacement:human lg.-users are perfectly capable of producing messages referring to past & future time, and to other locations

Duality:- language is organised at two levels simultaneously (level of sound, level of meaning) it describes a fact that in a lg. we can have 3 diff. meanings for the 3 words tack, act, cat, yet in each case use the same set of sounds. [t][e][k]

Productivity:the potential number of utterances in any language is infinite

Onomatopoeic words – buzz, clap, click, splash. Words that imitate natural sounds. Not everything does sound; they are not part of the core vocabulary. They are not universals, we hear sounds from the perspective of our language.

48
Q

Ferdinand de Saussure- Bilateral theory of linguistic sign

A

Meaning: Concept(mental image)=signified=signifie

Fom: Acoustic image =signifier=significant

F. de Saussure:

one of the greatest linguists of all times, founder of Geneva school

has developed conception of linguistic sign within the general theory of semiology (the theoryof signs)

sign is sth what stands for sth else; it is combination of form and meaning

bilateral theory - signs are bilateral units (have both form and meaning)

49
Q

Features of linguistic sign:

A

Arbitrariness- the relationship between two facets of linguistic sign is not inherent, it is arbitrary, w

Conventionality- components (book- kniha- Buch- kniga- livre) are mutually linked by way of convention of speech community (from generation to generation)

Linearity- utterances are realized in time, implies the syntagmatic feature of linguistics - so it is not possible for two linguistic signs to be at the same point of the time axis (their arrangement is linear)

Discontinuity/discreteness - sounds (give shapes in nebula)- amorphous- nebula.Sound material of language is amorphous (having no definite shape, form or structure),

signification: is a relationship between signifiant and signifié- in diagram it is represented by the arrows

50
Q

linguistics as a system of signs
The value of each linguistic sign is determined by its relationship existing between signs

A

Charles Sanders PEIRCE´s approach to sign

  • there are 3 kinds of signs:
    1. Likenesses/ icons
    2. Indications/ indices
    3. Symbols/ general signs

Likenesses - is a mode in which the signifiant is perceived as resembling or imitating thesignifié (recognizably looking, sounding, smelling)

ex: paintings, cartoons, sound effects in radio drama, imitative gestures, H2O

Indications - a mode in which the signifiant is directly connected in some way to thesignifé (this link can be observed or inferred- usudzovaný )

ex: smoke, footprints, pain, weathercock, clock, phone ringing, moving leaves,

Symbols – a mode in which the signifiant does not resemble the signifié but which is fundamentally arbitrary or purely conventional (relationship must be learnt)

ex: alphabetic letters, punctuation mark, numbers, traffic lights, national flag

Pierce´s triad of icon, index, symbol - expresses the relationship to the objective reality

51
Q

Langue/ parole, La langage

A
  1. La langage - general human ability to use human language
  2. Langue - it is an abstract system of conventional rules that are generally recognized by all speakers of [lang] the particular language/ community
  3. Parole is an indivdual phenomenon

concrete manifestation of langue uttered by an individual in a given moment

→ similar distinction- performance vs. competence- N. Chomsky

52
Q

Type & token relation

A

Type & token relation

Type- is a particular derived word or phoneme. Token- is an occurrence of this word (type) in language.

  • concrete realization of my abstraction example: [t] – one type, one phoneme

Better [t] [td]- at least 2 tokens

53
Q

JAKOBSON´S MODEL OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE

A

1) context (referential function)
2) addresser (sender, writer)- send a message to the addressee (emotive function)
3) addresse(receiver,reader)

(conative function)

4) contact- physical channel and psychological connection (phatic function) between addresser and addressee
5) common code- common to the addresser and addressee (metalingual function)
6) message- requires context, code, contact (poetic function)

54
Q
A

Linguistics (2 decks)

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