Test Questions

Question 1

Treatment for Staphylococcus
-MRSA
-MSSA

Answer 1

Resistant
-erythromycin (50s)
-5th gen cephalosporin
-I.V. Vancomycin (inhibit PG’s)

Sensitive
-Pen G
-B-lactamase resistant
-1st gen cephalosporin

Question 2

Streptococcus Pneumonia vaccine

Mycobacterium TB vaccine

Answer 2

-Prevnar
-Pneumovax

-BCG(Bacille Calmette-Guern)
Used in developing countries to protect children against disseminated forms of TB. Does not protect against pulmonary TB

Question 3

Bacillus Anthracis

Answer 3

cutaneous anthrax
-cirpofloxacin

Pulmonary anthrax (Woolsorters disease)
widening of mediastinum
-cirpofloxacin
-Rifampin
-Clindamycin or Vancomycin

Question 4

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Answer 4

Erythromycin
Pen G

Question 5

Clostridium tetani

Answer 5

1. Pen G
2. Metronidazole
3. Doxycycline (30s)

Question 6

What neurotransmitter gets interfered w/ C.tetanus vs. C.botulism

Answer 6

Clostridium Tetani
-Blocks postsynaptic inhibition thus enhancing muscular contraction.
Tetanolysin and tetanospasmin are the toxins released blocking the release of GLYCINE & GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

Clostridium Botulism
-blockage of synaptic Acetylcholine release and causing paralysis. (Flaccid paralysis)

Question 7

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
-Anti-TB agent
-MDR-TB
-XDR-TB

Answer 7

Multiple antibiotics for extended period. Combo of antibiotics + duration of antibiotics depends on TB form and stain susceptibility.

Anti-TB agents. From left to right: isoniazid, rifampin (red pill), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol

MDR-TB: resistant to isoniazid and rifampin

XDR-TB: resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolones and at least 1 of the 4 injectable anti-TB drugs (streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin)

Question 8

TQ: Nocardia

Answer 8

Folic acid metabolism (BAPA - DHF - THF)
Trimethoprim (TMP)
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX)

Question 9

Which bacterias causes pulmonary infections and what are the differences?

Answer 9

Streptococcus Pneumonia (G+): one lobe
Legionella (G-): multi-lobar
Nocardia (G+): Bronchopneumonia—>brain abscess: nodule cavity
Mycobacterium TB (G+): cavity lesion
Mycoplasma (fried eg): walking or atypical pneumonia
C. pneumoniae: :Acute acquired pneumonia (community)
C. psittaci: Respiratory psittacosis - mild illness or
pneumonia Transmitted by birds
Bacillus anthracis: pulmonary anthrax: widening of mediastinum

Question 10

Legionella

Answer 10

Levofloxacin and azithromycin

Question 11

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 11

Anti-pseudomonal penicillin in combo with a B-lactamase inhibitor B/c Anti-pseudomonal are sensitive to B-lactamases therefore you must add a B-lactamase inhibitor.

Anti-pseudomonal penicillin = Piperacillin
B-lactamase inhibitor that you can only add to piperacillin = Tazobactam

When you add Piperacillin + Tazobactam = Zosyn

aminoglycosides(30S)
Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone—DNA gyrase)

Question 12

Chlamydia

Answer 12

Azithromycin (50S)
Doxycycline (30S) (under Tetracyclines)

Question 13

Mycoplasma

Answer 13

Azithromycin (50s)
Doxycycline (30S)
Fluroquinolones

Question 14

Only gram (+), catalase (-) bacteria that grows in salt

Answer 14

Enterococcus

Question 15

Two most common streptococcal species in the mouth

Answer 15

Streptococcus Mitis group which includes S.mitis, S.oralis

Streptococcus Mutans group which include S.mutans, S.sobrinus are dental caries that produce polysaccharides from sucrose

Question 16

Which one is found in dental Hand piece?

Answer 16

Legionella

Question 17

TQ: Chlamydia replicative cycle
Biphasic Life Cycle

Answer 17

Biphasic life cycle
-EB (elementary body): infective form; dormant; resistant to environmental conditions; can survive outside host cell
E = ENTERING
Photo shows
1. EB (elementary body) attaching to receptor on host cell (0hrs)
2. EB triggers its own endocytosis by host cell
3.EB converts into RB (reticulate body) w/n vesicle (10hrs)

-**RB(reticulate body) reproductive form; obligate intracellular form
R = REPLICATION
4.RB divides rapidly = multiple RB = which now called inclusion bodies
5.Most RBs convert back into EB (21 hrs)

6.EBs are released from host cell (40 hrs)

Question 18

TQ: what are the antibiotics for intracellular organisms? And provide an example of a bacteria

Answer 18

INTRACELLULAR ORGANISM

Azithromycin (50s - Macrolides)
Doxycycline (30s - Tetracycline)

Chlamydia is an intracellular pathogen

Question 19

TQ: Use of highly absorbent tampons

Answer 19

Toxic shock syndrome by S.aureus

Question 20

TQ. Which bacteria separates the early colonizers of the oral cavity b/w the late colonizers?

-name the late colonizers
-name the early colonizers

What is the bacterial mechanism for carcinogenic in the oral cavity?
What is the bacterial mechanism for cavity prevention?

Answer 20

Fusobacterium nucleaton

Late:
-P.gingivalis
-tanner forsythia
-privatella intermedia
-lactobacillus
-strep.mutans group (s.mutans, s.sobrinus)

Early:
-strep.mitis group (s.mitis, s.oralis, s.sanguis, s.gordinii)
-actinomyces (a.israelii, a.naeslondii)
-propiobacterium (p.acne)

Ethanol — acet-aldehyde via alcohol dehydrogenase

SCN-thiocyanate — hypocyanate OSCN
NO3 —- NO2
O2 —- H2O2 —- OSCN or H2O

Question 21

TQ: explain the different bacterial conjugation gene transfer

Answer 21

extrachromosomal
F+ + F- = F+ + F+

integrated
Hfr cell (high frequency recombination cell which means that the plasmid has incorporated itself into the chromosomal DNA) + F- (recipient) = Hfr + recombinant F- cell

Question 22

Which pathogens are intracellular and provide treatment

Answer 22

Mycobacteria TB Invades and survives in macrophages by inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion.
-Anti-TB antigen = 4 of them (left to right)
-MRTB = idk
-XRTB= literally can’t take anything. You dyinggggg

chlamydia Obligate intracellular pathogen that replicates inside a specialized vacuole known as inclusion bodies (EB-RB-40hrs)
-Azithromycin (quick/1 day Macrolide-50S)
-Doxycycline (30S)

Mycoplasma (M.pneumonia = atypical/walking pneumonia)
-Azithromycin (Macrolide-50S)
-Doxycycline

Legionella this bacteria is facultative intracellular; lysosomal fusion is blocked; feeding off cells organelles; macrophage burst
-Azithromycin (quick/1day)
-Levofloxacin (DNA gyrase)

Question 23

Acid-Fast stain used for what pathogens?

Answer 23

-Mycobacteria (M.TB, M.leprae, M.avium complex (MAC) includes M.intracellulare)
-Nocardia