Bacteriology 12: Legion, Pseudo, Chlam, Mycoplasma Flashcards
Legionella
-gram +/-
-shape
-w/ or w/o O2
-distinct feature
Gram (-)
Bacilli - rod
-O2
-Faculative intracellular: can live and replicate both inside host cells (intracellularly) and outside of host cells (extracellularly) .. inside a Protozoa (amoebas), and macrophage
are known for causing Legionnaires’ disease.
85% of legionnaires’ disease is caused by
Legionella pneumophila
Which bacteria is Ubiquitous in water environments and soil?
Legionella
Legionella bacteria are found in freshwater environments such as lakes, rivers, and streams.
Occur in biofilms in cool, moist areas (AC units)
Pseudomonas
Uq. Saprophytes in soil and water
Pseudomonas can grow in a wide temperature range making them also salt-tolerant man-made water systems like cooling towers, hot tubs, swimming pools.
Also found in contact lens solution, floor mops, dialysis machines, and respirators humidifiers
They like plastic.
Legionella transmission
Transmitted by inhalation of contaminated aerosols
Legionella in the dental practice and as a dentist what must you do?
Found in high-speed hand piece
Must purge water lines for 2 minutes at the start of each day and 20-30 seconds b/w patients = this can decrease levels of bacteria by up to 70%
Warm temperatures (20-45) + stagnation = growth in dental water lines.
properly maintain water reservoir
Legionella pathogenesis
After inhalation, Legionella reaches the alveoli in the lungs, replicating and dividing inside alveolar macrophages—the primary immune cells responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens.
INTRACELLULAR PATHOGEN
Avoiding Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion:
Normally, once bacteria are engulfed by macrophages, they are enclosed in a vesicle, which would typically fuse with a lysosome to destroy the bacteria. Legionella, however, blocks the fusion of the vesicle with lysosomes, preventing the bacterium from being degraded.
Inside the LCV, Legionella replicates, using nutrients derived from the host cell’s ribosome, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. During this phase, the bacterium multiplies rapidly, forming large numbers of bacteria within the macrophage.
Once the replication cycle is complete, Legionella initiates the lysis (destruction) of the host cell, releasing new bacteria into the extracellular environment. (B/c macrophage growth increases to a point that they can’t sustain life and burst)
The released bacteria can then infect neighboring cells, continuing the cycle of infection
What’s the primary target for legionella?
After inhalation, Legionella reaches the alveoli in the lungs, replicating and dividing inside alveolar macrophages—the primary immune cells responsible for engulfing and destroying pathogens.
INTRACELLULAR PATHOGEN
Legionnaire’s disease
Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila.
The pathogenesis of this disease involves the bacteria’s ability to invade and survive within alveolar macrophages in the lungs
multi-lobar pneumonia
Pneumonia Development:
This inflammation leads to the hallmark symptom of pneumonia, where the air sacs (alveoli) become filled with fluid, pus, and immune cells.
This impairs oxygen exchange in the lungs, causing symptoms like:
High fever
Cough (often dry, but can progress to a productive cough)
Can spread to
Gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea (common in Legionnaires’ disease)
Tissue Necrosis: Severe infection can lead to necrosis (death) of lung tissue, further impairing lung function and contributing to respiratory failure in severe cases.
Legionella diagnosis and complications with diagnosis
Diagnosis:
Culture from sputum or lung aspirate (cysteine-charcoal yeast extract agar)NEVER 100% YIELD… this bacteria is an obligate aerobe fastidious which refers to organisms that have complex or specific growth requirements and are often difficult to culture under standard laboratory conditions
Therefore must do
-urinary antigen test = ELISA
-PCR of sputum or aspirate
Legionella treatment
Levofloxacin (Flurooquinolones — Quinolones — DNA gyrase function — nucleic acid antigen)
Azithromycin (Macrlides — 50S — protein synthesis)
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
-gram +/-
-shape
-w/ or w/o O2
-distinct features
Gram -
Rod- bacillus
Facultative anaerobe - non-fermenters
-CAN GROW IN A WIDE TEMP RANGE
They can also grow in man-made water systems like cooling towers, hot tubs, swimming pools.
Contact water lens solution - they like plastic
An oxidase test would distinguish pseudomonas from
Enterobacteria (we saw this bacteria in the Eosin agar test fermenting a small amount of lactose compared to some gram - bacteria that were highly lactose fermenters)
Pseudomonas are also Salt-tolerant
Pseudomonas growth characteris
-Metallic sheen and fruity odor
Pigments include:
Pyocyanin
Pyoverdin
These pigments contribute to its virulence and ability to produce reactive oxygen species (oxidase test) that damage host tissues.
-B-hemolytic (S.auerus and S.pyogenes)
Pseudomonas virulence factors
-Exotoxin A in the outer membrane b/c gram (-) duhhhhhhh. This outer membrane will have porins (regulation of passage) allowing for these exotoxins to be released and making it impermeable increasing antibiotic resistance.
-Alginate which is a polysaccharide produced by Pseudomonas that contributes to the formation of a slime layer in biofilms.
-Elastases: These enzymes break down elastin, damaging lung tissue and blood vessels.
-B-lactamase: providing antibiotic resistance. Highly resistant to disinfectants and commonly used antibiotics.
-**Rhamnolipid: inhibits the activity of the ciliated cells in the respiratory tract
Pseudomonas colonizer of
Colonizer of **GI tract*
Colonizer of mouth in patients w/ dysbiosis in their microbiota
Pseudomonas epidemiology in dental clinics
Found on dental unit water lines
-immunocompromised dental personnel and patients at risk
similar to Legionella which are also found water lines of dental practices. Legionella is commonly found on high-speed hand piece primarily
Whose susceptible to Pseudomonas
-most commonly infect immunocompromised and elderly patients
-Loss of skin due to Wound and Burn Infections are particularly susceptible.
Pseudomonas clinical manifestations
-Otitis Externa (“Swimmer’s Ear”):
P. aeruginosa is a common cause of external ear infections, especially in people who swim frequently.
-conjunctivitis, keratitis (contact lens)
-hot tub folliculitis an infection of hair follicles due to exposure to contaminated water.
-catheter ass. UTI
-**Bacteremia, sepsis*
-endocarditis in injection drug users
Pseudomonas clinical manifestations
-Otitis Externa (“Swimmer’s Ear”):
P. aeruginosa is a common cause of external ear infections, especially in people who swim frequently.
-conjunctivitis, keratitis (contact lens)
-hot tub folliculitis an infection of hair follicles due to exposure to contaminated water.
-catheter ass. UTI
-**Bacteremia, sepsis*
-endocarditis in injection drug users
Pseudomonas Oral Manifestations
- Oral Ulcerations/ lesions
These can be slow to heal and may require targeted antibiotic therapy due to the bacterium’s resistance to many drugs. - Oral Necrotic - tissue destruction.
- Osteomyelitis (this is also seen in S.auerus)
P.aeruginosa infection in the differential diagnosis of oral necrotic lesions in the absence of necrotizing periodontal disease.
What should be ruled out for the differential diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis when assessing oral necrotic lesions, particularly when necrotizing periodontal disease is not present
if necrotizing periodontal disease is ruled out, P. aeruginosa needs to be considered.
P.aeruginosa infection in the differential diagnosis of oral necrotic lesions in the absence of necrotizing periodontal disease.
Pseudomonas Diagnosis
Culture:
P. aeruginosa can be isolated from clinical specimens (e.g., sputum, urine, blood, wound swabs) and grown on standard culture media. It produces a characteristic fruity odor and pigmented colonies. MUELLER-HINTON AGAR PLATE (Pyocyanin, Pyoverdin)
Gram stain
Pseudomonas treatment
Anti-pseudomonal penicillin in combo with a B-lactamase inhibitor B/c Anti-pseudomonal are sensitive to B-lactamases therefore you must add a B-lactamase inhibitor.
Anti-pseudomonal penicillin = Piperacillin
B-lactamase inhibitor that you can only add to piperacillin = Tazobactam
When you add Piperacillin + Tazobactam = Zosyn
aminoglycosides(30S)
Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone—DNA gyrase)
Pseudomonas Prevention
Check dental equipment periodically
Chlamydia
-gram -/+
-shape
-w/ or w/o O2
-gram -
-cocci
-obligate intracellular parasite of eukaryotic cells
very small not seen w/ a light microscope
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Acute community acquired pneumonia
Chlamydia Psittaci
Respiratory Psittacosis - mild illness or pneumonia transmitted by birds
TQ: Chlamydia Replicative cycle
Biphasic life cycle
-EB (elementary body): infective form; dormant; resistant to environmental conditions; can survive outside host cell
E = ENTERING
Photo shows
1. EB (elementary body) attaching to receptor on host cell (0hrs)
2. EB triggers its own endocytosis by host cell
3.EB converts into RB (reticulate body) w/n vesicle (10hrs)
-**RB(reticulate body) reproductive form; obligate intracellular form
R = REPLICATION
4.RB divides rapidly = multiple RB = which now called inclusion bodies
5.Most RBs convert back into EB (21 hrs)
6.EBs are released from host cell (40 hrs)
Clinical spectrum of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection
Which serovars are the most common reportable STI in the U.S?
C.trachomatis Serovars D-K
Which are conjunctivitis in adults and newborns = STI
Many are co-infection with N.gonorrhea
Serovars L1, L2, L3 are also STI; Lymphogranuloma venereum
Chlamydia Trachomatis serovars D-K complications
-reactive arthritis (photo-joint inflammation)= more common in men
-painless mouth ulcers (photo)
-grey plaques (photo -Dorsal of tongue)
Chlamydia Treatment
INTRACELLULAR ORGANISM
Azithromycin (50s - Macrolides)
Doxycycline (30s - Tetracycline)
azithromycin = quick treatment in a day. Doxycycline = serious b/c days treatment
Chlamydia diagnosis
Highly sensitive; urine samples can be used successfully if purulent discharge is not available
Men - first catch urine
Women - vaginal swab
NAAT = nucleic acid amplification test = cost effective
What are the smallest and simplest bacteria known that are too small to be seen by a light microscope?
MYCOPLASMA
Colonies have a fried egg appearance
Which bacteria lacks a Peptidoglycan cell wall? Therefore what does it have to compensate for the lack of cell wall?
Mycoplasma
Pleomorphic **cell membrane that contains sterols* which will assist in gliding motility.
Looks like cellular debris = no shape!!
Which mycoplasma is the only AEROBE compared to the other species?
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae other species are facultative anaerobe
Which mycoplasma is the only AEROBE compared to the other species?
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Which mycoplasma account for 10% of community acquired pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
note: chlamydia Pneumoniae = acute community acquired pneumonia as well
Which pathogen is associated with CARDS toxin?
Mycoplasma
CARDS toxin = Community acquired respiratory distress syndrome. Which will interefere w/ ciliary action and leads to inflammation and airway dysfunction
= this will cause the walking pneumonia
Why is it called “atypical” / walking pneumonia? And what pathogen causes this
Mycoplasma
B/c the x-ray looks worse than how the person is feeling therefore the person is just strolling around life- chilling until you see the X-ray and BAM! You got walking pneumonia son
Mycoplasma diagnosis
during a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, a Gram stain of the sputum might show the body’s immune response ( mononuclear cells) but will NOT show the bacteria itself because M. pneumoniae lacks a cell wall and cannot be visualized by this method.
Therefore, alternative diagnostic methods, such as PCR are often required to detect M. pneumoniae.
Gram-stain sputum will show mononuclear cells = immune system
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is not visible on a Gram stain because MYCOPLASMA LACKS A CELL WALL which is the target of the Gram staining process!
Mycoplasma treatment
Intracellular pathogen??
Azithromycin
Doxycycline
Are mycoplasma found in the oral cavity?
M.orale and M.salivarim = contribute to salivary gland hypofunction
M.buccale
These three have been isolated from saliva, oral mucosa, and dental plaque of healthy adults.
