Test Questions- Flashcards
How did the railroads start commercial aviation
The rail road industry accused the government of creating a monopoly on carrying mail by air which ultimately created the airmail act
What was the significance of the air commerce act
Created the caa which is the precursor to the FAA
What is the function of the CAB
The cab is charged with making the safety rules, conducting aircraft accident investigations and the economic regulations of the airlines
How did the deregulation affect the airline industry
Created the airline hub and spoke system allowing airlines to fly where they want without federal restrictions
What act created the FAA
Federal aviation act of 1958
What act created the tsa
The attacks of 9/11
What is the significance of the airport and airway development act of 1970
This was created to fill funding gaps in the airport and airway system
What are the challenges facing our industry in the future
New security measures the implementation of next gen and uav operations and spaceport operations
Who are the big dog Tennant’s of a commercial service and general aviation airport
Air carriers
What is an FBO
Fixed base operator provides mostly fuel
What is an saso
Specialized aviation service operators- flight schools aviation maintenance operators aircraft charters and rentals
Helicopter operators
Approximately how many airports are in the us
19,636
How many commercial service airports are there in the us?
What is the minimum enplanements to be considered a commercial service airport
2500
What is a ga reliever airport
Relieves airport congestion
What is the difference between a joint use and shared use airport
A joint use airport is entirely owned by the DOD both military and civilian aircraft make shared use of the airfield
Renting an inlaw apartment
A shared use airport is a US government owned airport that co-located with a civil airport and they share portions of the runway
-Owning a duplex
What is a part 91 flight operation
A private flight - aka general aviation
What is a part 119 flight operation mean
Identifies basic requirements when flying for hire
What is part 132 flight operation
What does part 121 flight operation do
Scheduled air carrier
What is part 135 flight operations
Air charter air taxi- commuter and on demand operations
What is part 125 flight operations
Corporate shuttle-vacations /resorts
What is part 380 flight operations
Public charters - airline leases a plane to a resort company
What is a public charter
When an airlines leases a plane to a resort company- part 380
What items are pilots required to check before flying
Airport facility directory -aka chart supplements Notice to airmen Weather- Weight and balance Aircraft performance
Above what altitude are aircraft required to file an instrument flight plan
18000 ft
What are the rules for keeping aircraft separated under visual flight rules
1000 ft ceiling and 3 miles of visibility
What are the types of charts pilots use for vfr and ifr
Sectional charts
What are the 3 types of aircraft approachs
Visual
Non precision
Precision
CFR part 77
Obstructions - safe efficient use and preservation of the navigable airspace
CFR part 107
UAV’s
CFR part 150
Airport noise
Title 49 CFR 1542
Airport security
Title 49 CFR part 1544
Airline security regulations
Title 14 CFR part 36
Plane noise
Title 14 CFR part 91
Private operation or general aviation
Title 14 CFR part 121
Scheduled airlines
Title 14 CFR part 135
Air taxi certain charter and commuters
How long is the comment period open when notice of proposed rule making happens
30 days
What is the tucker act
Waives immunity over claims arising out of contracts with the federal government
Tort claims act
Waives immunity if the act of a government employee was negligent or constitutes some other tort- violated some sort of contract
What is the difference between an airport sponsor and the airport director
Sponsor owns the airport the executive charged with operating the airport
What is a branch of government that operates like a business
Enterprise fund
Who does the FAA say is the responsible entity over an airport
Sponsor
What are the two predominant forms of airport ownership in the us
Municipality and authority
What are some advantages of a municipally owned airport
Easier access to resource’s, funding and functional elements plus the power to issue bonds and take land
What are the disadvantages of a municipal owned airport
Policy makers have less time for airport issues, fiscal constraints
What are the advantages of an authority
Specialized attention, less political influences more business oriented
What are the differences of an autority owned airport
More difficult to access municipal resources such as road maintenance when needed and additional funding
What are the primary FAA offices that a manager will engage with
ADO,FSDO- flight standards district office, ATO-air traffic organization, AST- office of commercial space transportation
What’s the difference between a FAA circular and a FAA order
An FAA circular provides guidance and information in a designated subject areas and explains the intent if a federal regulation an FAA order gives directives -“must do’s” on specific subjects and programs issued by the FAA and provides guidance and instruction to FAA personnel on compliance, airport safety, operations and other issues
What does an ACRP- airport cooperative research program show
Peer reviewed research on airport management topics
What does paras- program for applied research in airport security do
Peer reviewed research on airport security topics
What are two primary documents issued by the TSA
SD’s Security directives - provide direction to change security requirements
Ic’s- information circulars - provide best practices and other information
What are grant assurances
Promises the airport sponsor makes when it accepts AIP me ney or land from the federal government
Why does the FAA use grant assurances
They are the most effective means for extending federal government policy
What 3 competing interests do grant assurances balance
They allow the executive to better manage local affairs-
They meet the FAA requirement the federal funds are used for public air transportation
They meet the goal of the federal government to promote social objectives such as dbe and ada requirements
How long are assurances in effect
20 years or the life(if property) or life of an asset
What if you violate grant assurances
You risk losing federal funds by being placed on a noncompliance list
What is grant assurance#24
Fee and rental structure-are we charging enough $ to be self sustainable
What is grant assurance #25
Airport revenue- ensures airport revenue is spent on airport expences
What is airport law
A phrase used to describe a collection of FAA regulations adjudications various statutes grant assurances advisory circulars and court decisions at the local, state and federal levels
What happens when the airport accepts federal money or land
The airport is in a closed fiscal system-revenues generated at the airport must be extended at the airport
What is the role of the FAA related to the airport operator
They are the regulator, the gift giver, the permission giver and the operator of the air traffic control tower
What is ICAO and what do they do
Icao-international civil aviation organization the secure international cooperation and uniformity in regulations and standards including sarps
What does sarps stand for
Standards and recommended practices
What are the two types of on airport land
Aeronautical use and non-aeronautical use
What are two types of off airport land use
Compatible land use and incompatible land use
What is aeronautical use land
Reserved for aeronautical activity - any activity that involves, makes possible or is required for the operation of aircraft or that contributes to or is required for the safety of such operations
Airports must get approval from who to reclassify aeronautical land to non aeronautical land
The FAS
What is grant assurance 29
Airport layout plan
What is compatible land use
Does not interfere with flight operations or is not adversely affected by flight operations (commercial, light industrial)
What is incompatible land use
Residential, schools, churches, hospitals or health facilities concert halls
What are some options for airport operators to attempt to prevent incompatible land use
Airport master plan Noise compatibility studies Adopt ordinances Educate zoning Develop or allow concurrent land use:ie allowing agricultural use on property that is protecting a runway approach
What does grant assurance 19 operations and maintenance requires the airport to______?
Be operated at all times in a safe and serviceable condition
Why does the FAA encourage airports to have minimum standards
It helps ensure an adequate level of safe and efficient service is available to the public
What is an example of just discrimination
A Tennant wanting to do business but there is no room for them at the airport
What does the exclusive rights grant assurance #23 require and what are the exceptions
Grant assurance #23 cannot grant an aeronautical Tennant the exclusive right to conduct a particular commercial aeronautical service
Exceptions: unreasonable costly, burdensome or impractical for more than one fbo to provide such services and if allowing more than one fbo to provide such service would require the reduction of space leased to an existing Tennant
Can aircraft owners provide certain services to their own plane using their own personal equipment and supplies
Yes
Is self fueling a permitted activity
Yes
What is a through the fence agreement-
Prevents an airport from taking actions that may deprive it of it’s rights and powers to direct and control airport development and comply with grant assurances
What is revenue diversion
Revenue diversion isthe use of airport revenue for purposes other than airport capital or operating costs.
What are the 3 types of airport revenue
Aeronautical
Non-aeronautical
Non-oprrating
What are the types of aeronautical revenue
Landing fees, fuel flowage fees, ground leases,and hangar leases
Where does non aeronautical revenue come from
Concessions, vehicle parking, ground transportation,, access fees,rental car fees,ad space industrial parks
Where does non operating revenue come from
Taxes on personal property possessory interest, grant money, passenger facility charges and customer facility charges
What can you use airport revenue for
Airport capitol and operating costs-salaries and utilities
Air travel related promotional expenditures-air service development travels
Cooperative airline-airport marketing expenses-joint marketing agreements with ceattin air carriers
Reimbursements to sponsors for capitol or operating costs - reimbursement for services such as police fire etc
What is the most common aeronautical charge at a commercial service airport
Landing fees
What is the benefit to the community of having an airport
New money that comes into the community and the creation of jobs
What is grant assurance #24
Fee and rental structure- requires the airport sponsor to set fees and lease rates and other charges that are directed at making the airport as self sustaining as possible - no sweetheart deals keeping in mind those that are not using abaition should not have to pay for it.
What are airports prohibited from factoring in to the rate base
The cost of airport property improvements or noise mitigation programs that were paid for with federal funds
What does self sustainability mean
Those not using aviation should not have to pay for it -maintain the utility of the federal investment in the airport
What can be included in the rate base
Everything- Cost of airfield facility Services provided for aeronautical users (snow removal arff) Debt service Cash reserves Environmental costs
Airports can make reasonable distinctions between users such as signatory versus non-signatory
True or false
True
How do residual agreements work
The airline(s) cover the additional expenses of the airport- the airport pays whatever the airline can not
What is a compensatory agreement
Sponsor assumes all liability for airport costs and retains all revenue
What is a hybrid agreement
Combination of residual and compensatory- that can result in the airlines sharing in airport revenue
What is a public subsidy approach agreement
The local government agency offsets the difference between the revenue and the expenses by subsidizing the airports operation
What are the 4 kinds of airport budgets
Line item
Performance based
Zero based
Program budgeting
What is a line item budget
Assigns money to each unit- goal is to not have anything left at the end of the year
What is a performance based budget
Funds are allocated based on the desires level of service
What is program budgeting
Throwing $ at one big project
What is zero based budgeting
Every budget starts at zero items at the top of the list get funded first
When are federal procurement policies and process required to be used
When Using federal funds
What are federal procurement policies designed to do
Promote fair and open completion and to ensure integrity in the public procurement process
What kind offunds can be used that does not require you to follow federal procurement policies
Pfcs
What are the various types of contracts and their central elements
Fixed fee contract unless an exception is made for time and materials contract
Value engineering promotes the substitution of materials and methods with less expensive alternatives that do not compromise functionality
What are the dollar requirements and minimum public posting requirements for construction contracts using federal funding
Contracts over 100,000.00 dollars
Bid should stay open for at least 30 days
What are dbe requirements
Socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who own at least 51% interest of the business and control management and daily business operations. The personal net worth standard used in determining eligibility is 1.32 million
Under the ______ _____ ______ contracts for construction and equipment must go to the lowest responsive bidder
The sealed bid method
CFR part 26 requires airports to implement a DBE program if they anticipate awarding more the $________ in prime contracts using federal funds during a fiscal year
250,000.000
What are the 4 areas airport executives should assess when upgrading a computer system
Compatibility and integration
Security and safety
Sociability
Usability
Outsiders are responsible for what ,% of all data breaches
50-60%
Identify the types of cyber security attacks and explain how they work
Malware - malicious software activated through clicking a hyperlink
Phishing- steel credit card information/ssn# - come in emails phone calls messages
Spear phishing - is a highly targeted attack where emails are sent to only a few individuals in an organization
Identity theft/data mining - examining large data bases in order to generate new information
Social engineering - the art of human manipulation - attacker pretends to be someone trusted then uses leverage to gain information the attacker desires
What is the art of human manipulation - attacker pretends to be someone trusted then uses leverage to gain information the attacker desires
Social engineering
What are 3 types of insurance under cgl
Hangar keepers
Premises liability
Product liability
What does commercial general liability coverage cover with hangar keepers
Damage to an aircraft
What does commercial general liability coverage contain with premises liability
Coverage of injury to persons or property
What does commercial general liability coverage contain with product liability
Fuel and oil usage
Identify methods to reduce risk on the airport
Comply with part 139
Training and comply with TSA &FAA (1542 & 139)
Risk analysis programs
Daily inspection programs
Screen employees for safety & security issues
Provide accurate information to users: ie NOTAMS
Blanket insurance policy provisions for all stakeholders and riders
Develop environmental policies and follow environmental rules
What are the four basic types of leases
Straight lease
Graduated lease
Revaluation lease
Percentage lease
What are the critical elements of a leasehold agreement
Recitals -aka terms and conditions
The term- date and duration , rates fees and charges plus rate adjustments, taxes, improvements, repairs and maintenance, indemnity insurance use of property and subletting and expiration of the lease
What is a CFC and what is it used for
Customer facility charge-
Used for capitol improvement projects , landside related operations and maintenance projects
What are the types of bonds
General obligation bonds Revenue bonds Special facility Hybrid bonds Industrial development bonds
Whats a pfc ?
Passenger facility charges-
What are the approved pfc uses
Approved projects Allowable costs AIP matching Augment AIP projects Payments of debts
What is required for a project to be eligible for AIP money
Aligned with plans Money must be available Project completed without undue delay Airport is in the NPIAS Involves more then 25000 in funds Alp must be current
What is the federal share of a project depending on the airport size
Large or medium hub -75% or 80%
Small non-hubs and general aviation -90%
What are 3 types of AIP money and how are they disbursed
Entitlement-awarded through a formula
Set aside- noise military ga reliever state apportionment
Discretionary- what’s left over
What is a program guidance letter
Adds or revises guidance on the aip program
What are the five steps of airport property development
Assess Conduct a market analysis to determine if there is a demand Develop a proforma Construction phase Operating plan
What is a mag
Minimum annual guarantee -
What is an MII clause
Majority in interest clauses
What is a signatory Carrier
Made a major investment or commitment to the airport
What are the advantages of concessions before security
Increased exposure
Cost efficiency
What are the disadvantages of concessions before security
Passengers want to get through security
What are the advantages of concessions after security
Secure facilities
Capture connecting traffic
What are the disadvantages of concessions after security
Higher cost
Part 119 flight operation identifies what
Basic requirements when flying for hire
Part 121 flight operation identifies what
Scheduled air carrier
An enterprise fund is a branch of government that operates like a what
Bisiness
What is the purpose of the ALP
Airport layout plan- grant assurance #29 refers to an individual document that portrays many elements of an airport including runways taxiways terminal layout and other data
What are the important elements of the ALP cover sheet
Signature blocks and area maps
What are the important elements of the ALP sheet
Existsting and future planned facilities
What are the important elements of the ALP data sheet
Wind roses , other information (airport reference code, runway length etc)
What are the important elements of the ALP facilities layout plan-terminal area plan
Terminal buildings, heights of buildings , ownership, leasehold
What are the important elements of the ALP airspace drawings
Imaginary surfaces used for identify ing obstructions
What are the important elements of the ALP inner portion of the approach surface drawing
Focuses on obstructions on the approach paths
What are the important elements of the ALP airport land use compatibility plan
Shows land use on and around the airport
What documents are required to be in you alp
Cover sheet
Alp sheet
Data sheet
Facilities layout plan/terminal area plan
Airport airspace drawing
Inner portion of the approach surface drawing
Airport land use compatibility plan
What does the ALP do
Provides FAA funding Blueprint for airport development Public information Plan for improvement Working tool for airport staff
What does the ALP not do
Cannot accommodate the forecasted aeronautical needs
When should the ALP be updated
At all times but should be reviews every 2-7 years
What is the FAA criteria for approving an Alp update
Safe
Useful
efficient
What document that provides information to the pilot must be update on an annual basis
Airport facility directory
What is the NPIAS
National plan of integrated airport systems
What are the FAA principals related to airports
Safe and efficient Affordable Flexible &expandable Permanent Maintain balance Support national objectives Extensive
Why are state/regional plans conducted
To better integrate how the airports within a region or state form a connected system of transportation- intermodal
What are the steps of an airport master plan
Project scope Consultant selection Existing conditions Forecasting Facility requirements Alternative designs Alp update Financial feasibility analysis Implementation plan Capitol improvement plan
How do slots work
A block of time allocated to airport users to perform aircraft operation
What is the problem with differential pricing
Discriminates against General aviation
What are the traffic management initiatives used by the FAA to manage capacity and delay
Slot allocation
Diversion
Balancing
What is the airport acceptance rate
An agreed upon number of aircraft that can land at a given airport in a one hour period
Delays increase exponentialaly beyond what time frame
4-6 minutes
How does practical annual capacity work
Level of operation that results in not more than four minutes average delay per aircraft in a normal peak two hour window
How does practical hourly capacity work
Total combined capacity measure of the runway, taxiway and gate areas
Capacity of runway per hour
How is throughput capacity measured
Capacity of runway per hour per year /
Software modeling
What are factors involved in capacity analysis
- Airspace(runways)-more airspace more runways
- Airfield (taxiways and ramps )
- Terminal (gates)
- Ground access (roadways)- traffic backups
What is the definition of capacity
The ability of a portion of airspace or an airport to handle a given volume of traffic (demand) within a specified time period
What element of next gen is replacing radar
Ads-b
What is ads-b
Automatic
Dependent
Surveillance
Broadcast
What does swim stand for
System wide information management
What does data comm do
Replaces two way radio transmissions
What is awos-local
A basic awos measures barometric pressure and altimeter
What is ASOS - FAA installed
Provide local weather observation
What is the level for awos and ASOS
Level “A”stations - which include major hubs or airports with the potential for severe weather
What does the flight service station do
Provides pilot briefing Aircraft en route communication Visual flight rule search and rescue services Originating and disseminating NOTAMS Monitors navaids
What are the components of the ILS System
Localizer-projects a radio frequency
Glideslope- vertical height information
Marker beacons - precise distance location information
Dme (distance measuring equipment)- used on approaches
What is WAAS
Wide area augmentation system -allows category 1 instrument landing systems (ILS) approaches
What is gbas- ground based augmentation system
Ground based augmentation system
Allows for category 2 and category 3 instrument landing systems (ILS) approaches
What is the difference between the movement and non movement area
Non-movememt- uncontrolled or ramp tower- ramp areas, aircraft parking areas and other areas where aircraft and vehicles operate directed by airport or airline
Movement area- controlled by air traffic
Runways taxiways and other areas as determined through an agreement between airport operator and the control tower
What is the air operations area
Non movement area controlled by the atct
What is considered substantial use
The largest commercial service aircraft that serves the airport or the largest plane with more then 500 annual itinerant operations or as determined with the FAA and future vision of the airport
How is the runway design code determined
The approach speed of the design -aircraft
- The airway approach category
- The wingspan or tail height of the design aircraft whichever is greater
- The aircraft design group
- Visibility requirements for instrument approach runways
How is the airport reference code determined
The airport reference code is a designation that signifies the airports highest runway design code minus the visibility component of the runway design code
What is the distance between parallel runways that require precision runway guidance monitoring radar
2600-4300’
What is a displaced threshold
When an object obstructs the airspace needed for landing aircraft
Noise abatement - an imaginary line above the normal approach line to avoid trees or builds that may have popped up
What is a safety area and why does it exist
A rectangular area including the runway or a taxiway and the sourroundung surfaces
Reduces the risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot overshoot or excursion
What is the function of the runway protection zone
Designed to protect the final approach areas
What is the function of the obstacle free zone
To protect aircraft and block off airspace
What is the object free area
Ground area centered on runway taxiway or taxi line center line
Nothing there except fixed by function and frangible or mobile
What are the three types of aprons
Terminal
Remote- Ron’s
Hangar
What is a stand guidance system
Visual aid located on the side of a terminal building so as to be viewed from the pilots perspective as they approach the aircraft parking location
What are heliport design principals
Based on design helicopter Maximum weight/ minimum contact area Rotor diameter Final approach and takeoff Touch down and lift off
Describe the construction safety meeting process
Pre design Design Preconstruction Construction Inspection phases
What are the 5 imaginary surfaces- “patch”
Approach surfaces Conical surfaces Primary surface Horizontal surfaces Transitional surfaces
What is the distance of the imaginary surfaces approach slope
50000’
What is the difference between 7460-1 and 7460-2
7460-1 know of an obstruction ahead of time
7460-2 - obstruction not known about contact atct
What are the three components of the terminal system
Flight interface -gates to aircraft
Passenger processing -
Landside
According to the gas guidance approximately how much of the terminal space should be available for rent percentage
55%
What percent of terminal space is useable for concessions
15-25%
What are landside planning assumptions regarding vehicle lengths for parking Private Taxi limo Bus
Private automobile 25 ‘
Taxi-20’
Limo-30’
Public bus-50’
The FAA says an airport should plan for ____&& parking spaces for every 1million originating passengers
1000-1400
What are the 5 types of horizontal distribution models related to terminal design- pless
Linear Simple Elongating Pier Satellite
What are the 3 types of fis -federal inspection services
Capis- custom accelerated passenger processing service - slowest because it’s 2 steps
One stop- combines customs and immigration
Red-green- nothing to declare
Elicitation
Information gathering
Grant assurance 22
Economic nondiscrimination
Grant assurance #23
Exclusive rights
Fonsi
Finding of no significant impact
Rod
Record of decision
