Test Prep, Study VOCAB 4.1- 4.7.

Question 1

adenosine triphosphate? (ATP)How to “make” it and what it used for ?

Answer 1

Used for: (ATP) compound used by cells to store and release energy.
Make it: ADENINE, RIBOSE ( A 5 CARBON SUGAR), AND THREE GROUPS OF PHOSPHATE)
-THE PHOSPHATE GROUPS GROUPS ARE THE KEY TO ATP’S ABILITY TO STORE AND RELEASE ENERGY.

Question 2

ADP? Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) How to “make” it?

Answer 2

MAKE IT: ADENINE, RIBOSE ( A 5 CARBON SUGAR), AND TWO (2) GROUPS OF PHOSPHATE)

Question 3

PIGMENT ! DEFINITION

Answer 3

LIGHT ABSORBING MOLECULES USED BY PLANTS TO GATHER THE SUN’S ENERGY

Question 4

CHLOROPHYLL DEFINITION:

Answer 4

PRINCIPAL PIGMENT OF PLANTS AND OTHER PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS.

Question 5

thylakoid; DEFINITION

Answer 5

SACLIKE MEMBRANES FOUND IN CHLOROPLASTS; THE LOCATION OF THE LIGHT- DEPENDENT REACTIONS

Question 6

STROMA DEFINITION

Answer 6

FLUID PORTION OF THE CHLOROPLASTS; OUTSIDE OF THE THYLAKOIDS, location of the light- independent reactions (Calvin Cycle )

Question 7

NADP+
DEFINITION

Answer 7

(NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE) CARRIER MOLECULE THAT TRANSFERS HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRONS FROM CHLOROPHYLL TO THE CALVIN CYCLE

Question 8

Light Dependent reactions DEFINITION :

Answer 8

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.

Question 9

Light Independent Reactions DEFINITION :

Answer 9

sets of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar.

Question 10

Photosynthesis, WHAT DOES IT DO ?

Answer 10

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (low-energy reactants) into high-energy sugars and oxygen (products).

Question 11

The Light Dependent Reactions: WHAT DOES IT DO?/ USED FOR?

Answer 11

The light dependent reactions need sunlight. The sunlight energy is captured by pigments in the thylakoid membrane. The energy is used to convert ADP into ATP and NADP+ into NADPH. These sources of energy are important for other steps in photosynthesis. Also, water is split apart, which makes more electrons available, and produced oxygen (O2) and hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 12

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS: WHAT DOES IT DO?/ USED FOR ?

Answer 12

The light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur in the STROMA and do not use sunlight. The energy in ATP and NADPH, produced in the light dependent reactions, is used for to “fix” carbon dioxide. That is, carbon dioxide(CO2) is combined with H+ to produce sugars, primary glucose (C6,H12,O6). The plant makes these sugars as food for itself.

Question 13

WHAT IS NADPH RESPONSIBLE FOR ?

Answer 13

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is an essential electron donor in all organisms. It provides the reducing power that drives numerous anabolic reactions, including those responsible for the biosynthesis of all major cell components and many products in biotechnology.

Question 14

Photosystem definition :

Answer 14

cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids

Question 15

Electron transport Chain definition ? :

Answer 15

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons in preparation for ATP- generating reactions.

Question 16

ATP synthase definition:

Answer 16

enzyme that spans the thylakoid membrane and produces ATP and ADP when hydrogen ions (H+) pass through it

Question 17

Calvin Cycle definition:

Answer 17

the light independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar

Question 18

what happens durring the light- independent reactions?

Answer 18

During the light independent reactions, ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions are used to synthesize high- energy sugars, The light- independent reactions are commonly referred to as the Calvin Cycle. The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

Question 19

Summary of light- dependent reactions:

Answer 19

Light energy is used to convert ADP to ATP, and NADPH+ to NADPH. Water is split apart to make electrons available to photosystem ll, which produces O2 and hydrogen ions.

Question 20

PHOTOSYSTEM ll :

Answer 20

The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem ll. Chlorophyll molecules in the photosystem absorb light. This absorption of light raises electrons (e-) are passed from chlorophyll to the electron transport chain.

Question 21

PHOTOSYSTEM l :

Answer 21

In photosystem l is the low-energy electrons from the electrons transport chain are passed to chlorophyll molecules and re-energized using light-energy. The energized electrons are passed on to an enzyme that facilitates the production of NADPH and NADP+ and hydrogen ions. The NADPH can now move on the light - independent reactions.

Question 22

NADPH definition? :

Answer 22

NADPH is the reduced form of NADP⁺.

Question 23

what factors affect photosynthesis?

Answer 23

many factors affect the rate of chemical reactions, including those occur during photosynthesis.

Question 24

Summary of the calvin cycle :

Answer 24

Six carbon dioxide molecules are needed to produce a 6-carbon sugar molecule, glucose. ATP and NADPH provided energy for these reactions to occur. The plant uses the sugars for growth and maintenance. Animals access the sugars when they eat the plant.

Question 25

Where does the ATP and NADPH get created?

Answer 25

On the stroma side of thylakoid membrane, where they can be used by the Calvin cycle.

Question 26

how many molecules are carbon dioxide are required to produce a 6-carbon sugar?

Answer 26

6 molecules of CO2 need to be fixed to form 1 molecule of glucose (a 6 carbon sugar). SUMMARY OF ANSWER: 6 MOLECULES!

Question 27

Where do the “light” reactions (Light dependent) take place ?

Answer 27

In the thylakoid membrane.

Question 28

Electron transport Chain “Passage. Summary , idk”

Answer 28

The electron transport chain uses energy from the electrons to pump protons (H+) through the proteins in the chain from the stroma to the inside of the thylakoid sac. at the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons themselves pass to a second photosystem called photosystem ll.

Question 29

An overview of Photosynthesis :
Question in the passage:
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

Answer 29

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (low-energy reactants) into high- energy sugars and oxygen (products).

Question 30

The light- dependant reactions:
Generating ATP ad NADPH
Question in the passage : What happens during the light- dependent reactions?

Answer 30

The light- dependent reactions use solar energy to convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy and electron carriers ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is produced as a by-product of the reaction. The light- dependent reactions occur across the thylakoids of chloroplasts. Thylakoids are saclike membranes that contain most of the machinery needed to carry out photosynthesis, including clusters of chlorophyll and proteins known as photosystems.

Question 31

Chloroplasts paragraph :
What it is :

Answer 31

The plant organelle known as a chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place. Within chloroplasts are grana, which are stacks of thylakoids that contain chlorophyll .he rest of the fluid outside of this is called stroma. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies across different plants. Chloroplasts can sometimes move within plants, as well as duplicate themselves.

Question 32

Pigment Paragraph
What it is :

Answer 32

Light - Absorbing compounds are known as pigments. Photosynthetic organisms primarily use the pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy in sunlight. The principal pigment of green plants is known as chlorophyll. two types of chlorophyll, a and b, are found in plants, and are available to absorb different parts of the visible light spectrum, primarily blue-violet and red, Chlorophyll does not absorb green leaves. Leaves appear green because they reflect these wavelengths. Plants also have red and orange carotene pigments, which we we can only see when leaves begin to die during the fall.

Question 33

High- Energy Electrons
Question: What are electron carrier molecules?

Answer 33

Specific molecules called electron are necessary to convey the highly reactive and high- energy electrons that are produced by chlorophyll. The electron carrier moves the electron with their energy to other molecules where they are needed.

Question 34

High - Energy Electrons Section
NADP+ , talking about that
Questions: What is NADP+ , what does it stand for ?

Answer 34

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, or NADP+, is one such electron carrier. when it accepts two high- energy electrons, NADP+ also bonds a hydrogen ion, which turns it into NADPH. Now the captured energy can be moved to the location in the chloroplast where sugars are manufactured.

Question 35

saclike membranes that contain chlorophyll are known as _______. ???

Answer 35

Thylakoids

Question 36

______ is a stack of thylakoids.

Answer 36

Grana

Question 37

_______ is the fluid of the chloroplast outside of the thylakoids . ???

Answer 37

Stroma

Question 38

Two ___________ surround and enclose the chloroplasts. ???

Answer 38

External membrane