Test Prep Flashcards

(100 cards)

1
Q

The “Age of the Presocratics” is generally considered to be

A

From 600 BC to 479 BC

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2
Q

Pythagoras was a part of what school?

A

The Ionian school

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3
Q

A philosopher of the Ionian school who created a theory of oppositional meanings and qualities, as reflected in his five aphorisms of “oppositionality.”

A

Heraclitus

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4
Q

This philosopher had a clear sense of the reality and the immortality of the soul as the moral and intellectual core of human life and experience. His view was reflected in his eight aphorisms on the soul.

A

Heraclitus

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5
Q

This philosopher was deeply concerned with moral implications. There is, he seems to be teaching, a human reality that reflects an underlying moral order every bit as much as the natural world reflects a rational order. He holds, in fact, that the rational order of the natural world and the moral order are one and the same.

A

Heraclitus

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6
Q

Which Presocratic philosopher used atomism as an argument to resolve “Zeno’s paradox” of the impossibility of moving from one place to another?

A

Leusippus

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7
Q

Who was the founder of and the most famous and influential member of the Eleatic school?

A

Parmenides

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8
Q

Held that the physis, the one element of which everything is composed, is air. (p. 99)

A

Anaximenes

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9
Q

Held that the physis, the one element of which everything is composed, is water.

A

Thales

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10
Q

Rejected his mentor’s proposal of water as the one fundamental substance on the basis of a logical argument: properties such as wetness come in pairs (such as dryness as the opposite). If threis a single fundamental substance it must therefore be abstract, something without properties

A

Anaximander

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11
Q

Credited with the concept of the “atom,” from the Greek word atomos, which literally means “uncuttable.

A

Democritus

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12
Q

Held that the physis, the one element of which everything is composed, is the Apeiron.

A

Anaximander

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13
Q

This presocratic philosopher’s slogan was “panta rhei,” that is, “everything moves,” “everything flows,” or “everything changes.” (

A

Heraclitus

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14
Q

Well-known for the statement, “You never walk through the same stream twice.

A

Heraclitus

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15
Q

From the words of a goddess he learned that “what exists has always existed.”

A

Parmenides

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16
Q

Created a mathematical theorem that is one of the foundational concepts of modern geometry.

A

Pythagoras

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17
Q

The “Hellenistic Age,” which extends essentially from 600 BC to the collapse of the Greek empire in about 30 BC, is often divided into three periods. The first period, from 600 BC to 479 BC is referred to as _____________.

A

The Age of the Presocratics

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18
Q

The second period of the Hellenistic Age, from 479 BC to 323 BC is referred to as ___________

A

The Classical Greek Period.

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19
Q

The third period of the Hellenistic Age, from 323 BC to 30 BC, is referred to as

A

The Post Aristotelian Period.

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20
Q

Which of the following is not considered to be one of the philosophers of the Ionian School?

A.
Heraclitus

B.
Zeno of Elea

C.
Anaxagoras

D.
Pythagoras

A

B) Zeno

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21
Q

Who was Cicero referring to when he said that he “pulled philosophy down from the heavens and sent it into the cities and homes of man”?

A

Plato

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22
Q

How do we know so much about Socrates’s life?

A

Plato’s writing

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23
Q

Which Renaissance artist is responsible for the allegorical painting The School of Athens?

A

Raphael

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24
Q

Aristotle’s ideas are the guiding spirit of Western idealism and religious thought.

A

False

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25
According to Herman, what was Socrates’s “real crime”?
Daring to think for himself and convincing others to do the same.
26
According to Socrates, why was death so desirable?
Death allowed one to achieve the highest wisdom and virtue, unencumbered by the physical body.
27
Why did Socrates refuse to break the law, even if the law was unjust?
Because doing wrong did injury to a man’s soul.
28
What was Plato’s given name?
Aristocles
29
Which philosopher amazed his fellow Milesians with two scientific achievements that led to a significant change in Greek thinking, and eventually in world thinking?
Thales
30
What did Thales believe was the first element?
Water
31
Which pre-Socratic thinker rejected the concept of stability and advocated that everything is endlessly changing?
Heraclitus
32
Who does Herman refer to as the father of relativism?
Heraclitus
33
Panta Rhei means...
​​​​​​​All things change.
34
Logos means
The Word or the Spirit or the Reason or the Way
35
Who responded to the claim that “everything changes” by making the counterargument that “nothing changes”?
Parmenides
36
Heraclitus and Parmenides' views on reality were diametrically opposed. Whose great achievement was it to combine these two views into one, thus giving birth to “history’s first great rational system”?
Socrates and Plato
37
What question led to the great achievement referred to in number eight above, and what was its answer that became the starting point for the intellectual tradition for the western world in the coming centuries?
What am I? A soul
38
Socrates and Plato said that “to be a human is to have ______.”
A soul (psyche)
39
What is one of the major points that separates Plato from his Neoplatonist imitators?
​​​​​​Many Neoplatonists were intuitionists
40
What is the standard Greek answer to the key to happiness, that is, to achieving that inner sense of well-being that the Greeks called eudaimonia?
Cultivating virtues such as courage, wisdom, and justice.
41
Plato’s dialectical reasoning teaches us that: (top of p. 24) A. ​​​True reason can be found through speaking one’s mind B. ​​​​​​Consistency with first principles (i.e., the “ideal forms”) is the essence of the true. C. ​​​​​Contradiction is the essence of the false. D. ​​​​​​C and B.
D) (C and B)
42
The Greek name for the Socratic method of testing and overcoming ignorance is elenchus which means a test or trial
True
43
Socrates/Plato’s ideas about the afterlife resemble later Christian accounts of heaven and hell.
True
44
Plato believed that true knowledge was beyond the reach of the masses. (T/F)
True
45
Where did Pythagoras get his ideas about geometry?
From the Babylonians and the Egyptians
46
What did Pythagoras, and later Plato, believe about geometry?
It was a way to understand the fabric of reality.
47
According to Plato, why did God create the universe?
He wanted all things to be as perfect and like Him as possible.
48
According to Plato, which shape is the most perfect?
Sphere
49
Which of the following are Platonic Solids? (Check all that apply) A. Cube B. Pentagon C. Tetrahedron D. Dodecahedron E. Rhombus
A, C, D
50
Plato’s later works explain that the Forms are nothing more than mathematical formulae that form the basis of creation.
True
51
How many years did Plato’s Academy students have to study mathematics?
10 Years
52
Who owes his meteoric rise in the Grecian nation to Euphraeus and Plato.
Philip of Macedon
53
How long did the Academy last under Plato and his successors?
900 years
54
Who succeeded Plato in the leadership of the academy?
Plato’s nephew, Speusippus
55
How did Aristotle believe the most profound truths are found?
Hard work and thought
56
Aristotle’s term for exact or certain knowledge is:
Episteme
57
“Inventor of the language of science” from whose works we receive such scientific words as genus, species, and hypothesis
Aristotle
58
Because of the change and motion Aristotle had observed in nature, he believed that the world is a:
System
59
The word dynamis means
Power
60
Praxis
The kind of knowledge that has to do with doing.
61
Techne
The kind of knowledge that has to do with making.
62
Aristotle said that "the job of ethics is..."
"not that we may know what virtue is, but that we may become virtuous."
63
Aristotle believed that the practice of virtue was different for...
People in different social classes
64
What did Aristotle believe was the goal of political institutions?
Man's improvement
65
Who is one of the antagonists in Plato’s Gorgias dialogue?
Callicles
66
Which idea does Plato NOT argue against in his writings? A. Moral relativism B. Nihilism C. Hedonism D. Virtue ethics
Virtue ethics
67
What question is Plato trying to answer with the Republic?
Why should I be good?
68
What does Plato hope will happen as a result of his political writings?
His ideas will serve as the “ideal pattern” helping society get closer and closer to perfection
69
What is the purpose of all of the rules and regulations Plato describes?
To end class conflict
70
For Aristotle, what is the essential building block of the political community?
The individual household
71
Thymos can be translated as spirit, courage, or righteous anger.
True
72
Student of Socrates, godfather of the Epicureans
Aristippus
73
Epicurus’s school of thinking was based on
The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain
74
Hedonism is:
The extreme and constant pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.
75
Which group held to a philosophy that was in direct conflict with Epicureanism?
Stoicism
76
Who was the founder of the Stoics?
Zeno
77
What was Diogenes’s purpose behind being homeless?
He wanted to show that to find true purpose, one has to return to their most basic nature.
78
Which geographer correctly calculated the earth’s diameter and hypothesized the existence of the Americas?
Eratothenes
79
What was Herman referring to when he talked about the “conceptual revolution” happening in Alexandria?
Applying knowledge to practical technologies, particularly in warfare
80
Which type of math did Archimedes help lay the cornerstone of?
Calculus
81
Archimedes was the first mathematician to use what concept in his work?
Infinity
82
Which of the following did Archimedes NOT invent? (pg. 102) A. A hydraulic musical organ B. A mechanical planetarium C. A compressed-air catapult D. A system of pulleys to lift heavy objects
C) A compressed-air catapult
83
What city did Archimedes help protect from the Romans during a famous siege?
Syracuse
84
Who found Archimedes’ tomb?
Cicero
85
Who was the tutor of Publius Scipio Aemilianus?
Polybius
86
Who wrote a complete account for posterity of how the Romans succeeded in just fifty-six years in making themselves virtual masters of the civilized world?
Polybius
87
Who wrote about different forms of government (the One, the Few, and the Many) in his book Politics
Aristotle
88
Imperium means
Absolute authority
89
Why did Polybius predict Rome’s failure?
Rome's "mixed constitution"
90
Which philosopher did Cicero admire most and even refer to as “the prince of philosophers”?
Plato
91
What kind of balance did Cicero desire for Rome’s citizens?
An equal balance between family and friends and the responsibility towards the state
92
Brutus and the Liberators assumed that the death of Julius Caesar would solve all of Rome's problems
True
93
Caesar Augustus’ death was the turning point from the old republic to the new empire.
True
94
The emptiness and meaninglessness felt by the Roman philosophers and leaders could best be characterized as
Alienation Mentis
95
Tacitus believed that honor could be found among
The Germans
96
Why did Origen teach his students to read the Bible allegorically?
To help them understand how every event in the Old Testament foreshadows later events in the New Testament
97
Unlike Platonism, Christianity bases its moral absolutism less on abstract reasoning and more on __________.
Inner Faith
98
Origen saw churches as ideally _____________
A place of moral instruction
99
Who was the first Christian thinker to make the conscience, Socrates’ daimon, or inner voice, the focus of moral life?
Origen
100
Who made one of the most damaging attacks on Christianity of all time?
Celsus