Final Test Prep Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
The position on the mind-body question that claims that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called:
A
Double Aspectism
2
Q
According to Leibniz, everything in the world consists of living, conscious atoms, which he called:
A
Monads
3
Q
Kant agreed with Hume that
A
causal relationships in nature are never directly experienced.
4
Q
According to Leibniz, there was nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses except for
A
the mind itself
5
Q
In Hegel’s philosophy, when one cycle of the dialectic process is completed, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle
A
thesis
6
Q
Walter Kaufman referred to ______________ as the first great “depth psychologist” owing to his identification of unconscious process as “the source of much of what we take to be the affairs of daily life and culture itself.
A
Friedrich Nietzsche
7
Q
Built upon, refined, critiqued, and established the limits of the fundamental concepts in Hume’s Treatise, with his classic work, the Critique of Pure Reason.
A
Immanuel Kant
8
Q
Beethoven and Hegel were both born in the same year, 1770. Robinson remarks that one set _______ to music, and the other to philosophy. What he is saying is that both were profoundly influenced by this man, Beethoven in music and Hegel in philosophy. Robinson sees him as being the major force behind the development of the unique and powerful German form of Romanticism, and said of him, “it was ________ whose magisterial flights of artistry left in the distance the rubble of failed theories, each of them a prison of the mind.”
A
Johann von Goethe
9
Q
A French Romanticist, one of the major Counter-Enlightenment figures, well-known for his concept of “the noble savage.”
A
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
10
Q
Author of what Robinson refers to as the “dialectical triad of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, which he advanced as laws of thought expressed in logic.”
A
George Hegel
11
Q
Founder and major figure of the Scottish “common sense” school of philosophy. Dan Robinson refers to his work as “the greatest philosophy penned in the English language
A
Thomas Reid
12
Q
Although this philosopher embraces double aspectism, a very reasonable approach to the mind-body problem, he also denies free will and subscribes to pantheism.
A
Baruch Spinoza
13
Q
This great philosopher poet, author of Sorrows of Young Werther, of Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, and of Faust, awakened European thought to the place of esthetics in philosophy. He also contributed to scientific thought with his theory of color vision based upon complementary colors.
A
Johann von Goethe
14
Q
This Rationalist philosopher held that we approach The Absolute by the process of dialectic, by opposing a thesis with an antithesis, the result of which is a synthesis at a higher level.
A
Georg Hegel
15
Q
Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the
A
physiological equivalent of Kant’s categories of thought.
16
Q
This French physiologist first demonstrated that sensory nerves enter the dorsal rool of the spinal cord and that motor nerves emerge from the ventral root, the so-called “law of forward motion” of nerve conduction.
A
Magendie
17
Q
Founder of phrenology, the popular early theory of localization in the brain.
A
Gall
18
Q
Discovered the area in the left inferior frontal cortex that is implicated in the production of speech. Damage to this area is associated with productive aphasia.
A
Broca
19
Q
This German physiologist is often referred to as the greatest natural scientist of the nineteenth century. He was the first to measure the speed of the nerve impulse, showing that it was not instantaneous.
A
Herman von Helmholtz
20
Q
The most important investigator of the functions of the brain during the middle decades of the nineteenth century. He developed and effectively used the “method of ablation” to experimentally determine the functions of the six areas of the brain that he identified.
A
Flourens
21
Q
Flourens identified the specific functions/actions of brain areas or units, which he called action propre. He considered this principle to be in dialectical opposition to the reigning “grand principle of unity in the brain,” which he referred to as
A
Action commune
22
Q
Pierre-Paul Broca determined the locus in the bran of productive aphasia as a result of his debate with _________________, in which he at first argued for holistic brain function and against localization of function
A
Ernest Auburtin
23
Q
In the second half of the nineteenth century and well into the 20th century, investigators such as Fritsch & Hitzig, David Ferrier, John Hughlings-Jackson, and Wilder Penfield made giant strides in identifying the locus of many brain processing using the method of
A
direct stimulation of the brain
24
Q
Which of the following persons was not one of Wundt’s doctoral students?
A.
Lightner Witmer
B.
James McKeen Cattell
C.
Johannes Muller
D.
Edward Titchener
A
C. Johannes Müller
25
Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as:
Voluntarism
26
The author of the 1859 book Origin of the Species was
Charles Darwin
27
What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?
Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
28
This person was Darwin's half-cousin. He was a polymath, achieving notably in a variety of academic disciplines, including measurement, anthropometry, and geography (receiving the Royal Geographical Society's gold medal for 1853). He laid the conceptual foundation for the correlation coefficient and the calculation of variance, and could be considered to be the first psychometrician.
Francis Galton
29
Who arranged for Charles Darwin to be interviewed for the position as naturalist on Captain Robert FitzRoy's survey ship, the H.M.S. Beagle, which led to his eminent achievements in science?
John Stevens Henslow
30
Darwin's father, a highly-paid English physician.
Robert Darwin
31
In his early Cambridge days, became known as "the man who walks with Henslow," accompanying him on his lecture visits in the countryside. He had a "warm and sympathetic personality that made him almost universally well-liked."
Charles Darwin
32
Darwin's uncle on his mother's side of the family, "regarded as a man of emminent common sense." Helped Darwin convince his father to give his support to Darwin's intended scientific voyage on FitzRoy's survey ship, the HMS Beagle.
Josiah Wedgwood
33
Archconservative captain of the survey ship, the HMS Beagle, on which Darwin spent five years on "one of the most scientifically consequential voyages of modern time," which transformed him from a young Cambridge graduate into "an accomplished and respected geologist and collector of biological specimens"
Robert FitzRoy
34
Cambridge professor of biology who took a liking to Darwin, became his friend and confidant, and obtained an invitation for him to apply for the position as naturalist on the voyage of the Beagle.
John Stevens Henslow
35
Noted Scottish geologist, whose first of the three volumes of The Principles of Geology helped launch Darwin's career as he followed it and integrated it with his observations from the beginning of the voyage of the Beagle. He later became Darwin's trusted friend and advisor.
Charles Lyell
36
She was Charles Darwin's cousin. They married in 1839. Their marriage was blessed with ten children.
Emma Wedgwood
37
n the spring of 1858 this gentleman sent a letter and a manuscript to Charles Darwin to bring to Darwin's attention the evolutionary theory that he himself had authored while recovering from malaria. This led to the two of them jointly presenting their theories at a meeting of the prestigious Linnean Society; and Darwin finally published his theory the next year, 1859.
Alfred Russel Wallace
38
Author of a 1798 book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, a gloomy economic theory with dire predictions of scarcity and the fight for survival, that gave Darwin the basis for the first of the three "pillars" of his evolutionary theory: scarcity, variation in animals, and natural selection.
Thomas Robert Malthus
39
Cambridge professor of geology who also befriended Darwin throughout his studies at Cambridge.
Adam Sedgewick
40
French naturalist who proposed a theory of evolution based upon "inheritance of acquired characteristics" at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
41
Irish archbishop, careful scholar, and advocate of the catastrophism school of geologic natural history, who dated the Earth's age at approximately 6000 years.
James Ussher
42
This man was a biologist, an expert in primate anatomy. He became known as "Darwin's bulldog" for his performance in an 1860 debate with Samuel Wilberforce, the bishop of Oxford. He was reported to have whispered "the Lord has delivered him into my hands" after Wilberforce had made a rude and sarcastic ad hominem comment during the debate, about Huxley's possible primate ancestry.
Thomas Henry Huxley
43
In theory of mind and mental activity, this approach focuses on the function of mental events, that is what they are intended to accomplish, rather than on their structure.
Functionalism
44
The geological theory that the Earth has largely been shaped by sudden, violent events rather than uninterupted gradual change.
Catastrophism
45
The doctrine of uniformity, or invariance, in the processes by which the change takes place in the earth over time.
Uniformitarianism
46
The theory that all races of humanity come from a common ancestor
Monogenesis
47
The theory that races of humans come from more than one ancestor that represent different species of being (pp.226-227). It has been associated with racism.
Polygenesis
48
The major argument against evolutionary theories in the 19th century. Essentially it was an "argument from complexity" attributed to William Paley (1743-1805), that a consideration of the marvellous complexity of the human eye was a "cure for atheism"
Argument from design
49
The American Psychologist 1960 publication of this person’s APA presidential address, entitled “The American revolution,” is one of the foundational papers of the cognitive revolution.
D.O. Hebb
50
Noam Chomsky
This linguist’s review of Skinner’s 1957 book Verbal Behavior, that appeared in the journal Language in 1959, was one of the main papers that precipitated the decline of behaviorism and the rise of the new cognitive psychology in the 1960s and 1970s.
51
This seminal 1955 Psychological Review paper, “Drive and the C.N.S. (Conceptual Nervous System),” authored by one of the great “physiologizers” of the 20th century, marks the beginning of what will later become one of the most vigorous areas of 21st century research, the field of cognitive neuroscience.
D.O. Hebb
52
This 1958 Psychological Review paper, entitled “A mechanical model for human attention and immediate memory,” authored by the director of the Applied Psychology Research Unit (APRU) at Cambridge University, proposes a simple “filter model” of human attention.
Donald Broadbent
53
This highly-cited 1966 Science paper, “High-speed scanning in human memory,” introduced a robust finding with respect to the effects of memory load on reaction time in a memory-search task: 35 milliseconds for each additional digit held in memory.
Saul Sternberg
54
Author of the well-known 1956 Psychological Review paper “The magical number seven, plus or minus two,” one of the most cited papers in psychology, deals with the topic of limits in the capacity of working memory.
George A. Miller
55
Author of “Elements of a theory of problem solving,” published in Psychological Review in 1958. This was a landmark paper of the cognitive revolution, one of the first to show a clear and thorough demonstration of artificial intelligence.
Alan Newell, J. C. Shaw, and Herbert Simon
56
Authored by a British mathematician and cryptographer, the paper “Computing machinery and intelligence” is one of the landmark seminal papers establishing the field of artificial intelligence. Published in 1950 in the venerable British journal Mind, just as digital computers were becoming a reality, it posed the question “Can machines think?” and proposed ways of testing that question.
Alan Turing
57
Wrote the 1962 American Psychologist paper, “Some psychological studies of grammar,” which was intended to introduce grammatical theory and linguistic principles to psychologists.
George A. Miller
58
This 1990 paper in Scientific American, entitled “Is the brain’s mind a computer program?” was a philosopher’s intended refutation of the logic of the “Turing test.”
John Searle
59
This 1960 book, entitled Plans and the Structure of Behavior, is considered by many to be the seminal work of the cognitive revolution.
George A. Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl H. Pribram
60
What research tradition in the area of brain, behavior, and cognition led to the U.S. Federal Government’s “Head Start” program that has been in effect since 1965?
The enriched environment research at U.C. Berkley
61
Which of the following cognitive and memory researchers were associated with the Applied Psychology Research Unit (APU) at Cambridge University?
A.
Frederick Bartlett
B.
Kenneth Craik
C.
Donald Broadbent
D.
All of the above
D. All of the Above
62
Author of the 1951 paper, “The Problem of Serial Order in Behavior,” one of the most influential papers of the cognitive revolution.
Karl Lashley
63
Student of Karl Lashley, mentor of Brenda Milner, and major figure in 20th century physiological psychology, and author of the 1949 book The Organization of Behavior
D.O. Hebb
64
Established an interdisciplinary team at U.C. Berkeley for the study of enriched environments and their impact upon the brain
Krech, Rosenzweig, and Bennett
65
Swiss psychologist whose work on the developmental aspects of cognition, or “genetic epistemology” as he calls it, kept cognitive research going through the behaviorist era.
Jean Piaget
66
Intensely studied H. M., a patient with dramatic anterograde amnesia, and demonstrated clearly that declarative memory (facts, knowledge) was profoundly affected by the surgery, but procedural memory (skills and procedures) was intact. This one patient “helped us understand memory more than any other case study in the history of neuropsychology.”
Brenda Milner
67
A student of Karl Lashley, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981 for his “split-brain” work.
Roger Sperry
68
An early member of the Applied Psychology Research Unit (APU) at Cambridge University in the 1930s who did in-depth naturalistic studies of persons recalling details from a Native American folktale, the “War of the Ghosts.
Frederick Bartlett
69
Another member of the Cambridge APU who, in the 1950s pioneered an “information processing” approach to attention and memory with his “filter theory” of attention
Donald Broadbent
70
A British mathematician and cryptographer whose 1936 paper on “computable numbers” provided a definition of computation that was used as a basis for developing digital computers twenty years later.
Alan Turing
71
Cryptologist, engineer, and mathematician in the first half of the nineteenth century, who held the Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge, and whose work with calculating machines paved the way for the development a century later of electronic digital computers.
Charles Babbage
72
M.I.T. graduate student who demonstrated that binary numbers (0 and 1) could be used not only for ordinary mathematical calculations but also for problems of symbolic logic. Later developed this into what became information theory, one of the most useful tools in the information processing approach to modeling cognition.
Claude Shannon
73
Mathematician from Hungary, heavily engaged in wartime defense project including the atomic bomb, who solved the problem of the intensive effort needed to wire programs for electronic computing, by his idea of “stored programs” in the computer’s memory.
John von Neumann
74
Credited with bringing information theory into psychology, together with Jerome Bruner established the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies
George A. Miller
75
Authored the influential 1960 book Plans and the Structure of Behavior, that brought ideas from computer science, information theory, and cybernetics to bear on an information processing model of cognition.
Miller, Galanter, Pribram
76
M.I.T. linguist who had a profound impact on the new cognitive psychology with his 1957 book Syntactic Structures and his 1959 review of Skinner’s book Verbal Behavior which formed a basis of a devastating critique of behaviorist theory in general
Noam Chomsky
77
Existential assumptions. This psychoanalytic theorist took an existentialist perspective in dealing with the loneliness and helplessness of persons in the modern world, where the methods of escape (analogous to defense mechanisms) are not satisfactory. Saw human existential freedom to find meaning in life as the key to fulfilling personal needs.
Erich Fromm
78
Like Adler, this psychoanalytic theorist focused on the social potential of psychoanalytic theory. He (or she) published only one book, Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry (1947), but kept extensive notebooks containing detailed observations that were widely accepted because of their applicability to clinical settings.
Harry Stack Sullivan
79
This psychoanalytic theorist recognized the value of Freud’s description of the defense mechanisms, but denied the strict compartmentalization of mind into id, ego, and superego, and focused more on social causes of neurosis rather than sexual. This theorist argued, for example, that rather than women envying male anatomy, as Freud maintains, they resist the unfairness of the male domination of Western society. This theory posits three modes of human social activity that are protective and defensive: “moving toward,” “moving against,” and “moving away.”
Karen Horney
80
One of the most fascinating and complicated scholars of the 20th century, this theorist has applied psychoanalysis to the study of ancient myths and legends, and identified two sources of unconscious forces, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Also, this theory deals with archetypes such as “the earth mother,” “the old sage,” “persona,” “shadow,” “anima,” and “animus.”
Carl Jung
81
This psychoanalytic theorist emphasized the social and creative aspects of human experience, with case studies of appropriate “individual lifestyles” that illustrate compensations for inferiority.
Alfred Adler
82
This psychoanalytic theorist expanded his (or her) theory in later years to a psychodynamic theory that accounted for personality growth as dependent upon tension reduction
Sigmund Freud
83
Freud viewed homosexual behavior as immature sexuality reflecting _________________
Unresolved Oedipal urges
84
Of the three specific structures of personality in Freud’s system, the _______is the executive, guided by the reality principle.
The Ego
85
Of the three specific structures of personality in Freud’s system, which he believed were essentially formed by age seven, the _______is the one that is guided by the pleasure principle seeking to gratify instinctual needs of the libido.
The Id
86
What was Sigmund Freud’s first major published work?
The Interpretation of Dreams
87
Studies on Hysteria was the first published work of the psychoanalytic movement. Who authored it and in what year was it published?
Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud in 1885.
88
Which of the following was not one of the unique strengths of psychoanalysis in comparison with other schools of psychology. (pp. 272-273)
A.
Firmly grounded in an “active mind” model of mental processes.
B.
Explanation in terms of energy forces beyond the level of self-awareness (unconscious).
C.
It emerged from the applied consequences of clinical practice rather than from academic research.
D.
It is based upon a rigorous program of systematic empirical testing.
D. It is based upon a rigorous program of systematic empirical testing.
89
As psychology emerged as an independent discipline in the latter part of the nineteenth century under Wundt’s tutelage, the British model of mental passivity served as the guiding force. (T/F)
Perhaps true of psychology as a whole, and to some extent true of Wundt’s physiologische psychologie, but certainly not true of Wundt’s völkerpsychologie, where his guiding philosophy of “voluntarism,” which is to say an active mind, is most apparent.
90
Like Brentano’s “act psychology” and like Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis is fully consistent with the German model of an active mind (as contrasted with the passive mind of British empiricism), going back to the writings of Leibniz and Kant. (T/F)
True
91
Psychoanalytic writings played a dominant role in 20th century psychiatry, assuming an almost exclusive position. This was generally true, both within psychiatry and also to some extent within clinical psychology, until about the 1960s when behavioral and cognitive research began to support competing alternative models. (T/F)
True
92
As a clinically-based development, rather than an academic “school”, psychoanalysis has unique strengths and weaknesses. It does provide a pragmatic and useful approach to clinical problems, but it also gives the impression of an ad hoc movement that developed in response to particular therapeutic questions rather than as a coherent and unified theoretical system. (T/F)
True
93
Optimism, sarcasm, and cynicism are all adult behaviors attributable to incidents or unsatisfied needs at the ___ stage
Oral stage
94
Freud talked about neat, overly clean, and compulsive adults as not having successfully resolved their _____ needs”
Anal needs
95
The two major classes of inborn instincts identified by Freud that release mental energy are _____, the life instincts, and _____, the death instincts.
Eros, Thanatos
96
This early British empiricist saw the main function of government as that of protecting us from the destructive actions of our fellow beings
Thomas
Hobbes
97
This British Empiricist used the paradox of the basins to demonstrate secondary as opposed to primary qualities of the world
John Locke
98
This British empiricist is well-known for his cryptic statement that "to exist is to be perceived"
George Berkeley
99
This British empiricist held that imagination has the capacity to re-arrange simple ideas in an essentially infinite number of ways to create complex ideas
David Hume
100
This British empiricist adopted Newton’s view of sensory experiences creating vibrations in the nerves, which could linger after the sensation ceased. He viewed ideas as being faint replications of sensory vibrations, which he termed vibratiuncles
David Hartley
101
This British empiricist incorporated Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism/hedonism as a major part of his theory. This theorist made great efforts to provide evidence for associationism, which some feel had the effect of exposing associationism as an absurdity
James Mill
102
This British empiricist authored the concept of mental chemistry. He also proposed that a science of human nature (psychology) would first discover universal primary laws, after which a science of ethology would furnish the secondary laws of how individual minds develop
James Stuart Mill
103
This British empiricist added two more to the traditional laws of association: compound association and constructive association. Like Skinner a century later, he explained how spontaneous behavior (Skinner's "emitted behavior") leads to voluntary behavior (Skinner's "operant behavior.")
Alexander Bain
104
Locke viewed __________________ as "a degree of madness."
Fortuitous, chance associations
105
Berkeley explained distance perception through __________________
Principles of Association
106
Hume's three laws of association are
Resemblance, contiguity, and cause & effect.
107
Hume identified four conditions of causality. Each of the following is one of those four conditions except: (p 147)
A.
The cause and effect relationship really exists. Hume disagreed with the received idea that causal prediction could be made from the essences of A (the cause) and B (the effect). He argued that so-called "causation" is a consistently observed relationship, nothing more. It is a psychological experience, not a logical necessity.
B.
The cause and the effect must be contiguous in space and time.
C.
The cause must be prior to the effect.
D.
There must be a constant union betwixt the cause and the effect.
E.
The same cause always produces the same effect, and the same effect never arises but from the same cause (necessary conjunction).
A)
108
After visiting _____________ in 1635, Hobbes became convinced that the universe consisted of matter in motion, and began to formulate his conclusion that mankind could be understood in the same way.
Galileo
109
Which of the following operations of the mind did Locke view as not being derived from sensory stimulation? (pp 136-137)
A.
Reasoning
B.
Willing
C.
Remembering
D.
All of the above
D) All of the above
110
Which of the following persons was not one of the three animal behavior scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973?
A. Konrad Lorenz
B.
Nikolaus Tinbergen
C.
Karl von Frisch
D.
Jacques Loeb
D) Jacques Loeb
111
With whom did the term "comparative psychology" originate?
George J. Romanes
112
Who was the author of "Morgan's canon," that animal activity must never be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes when lower will suffice.
C. Lloyd Morgan
113
Originator of a descriptive approach to behaviorism entitled the "experimental analysis of behavior.” Introduced an effective and productive experimental method for studying and controlling animal behavior referred to as the "schedules of reinforcement" approach.
B.F. Skinner
114
Author of the "hypothetico-deductive theory" of behavior, a somewhat mathematical approach to behaviorism that was the dominant theory in the "golden age" of learning theories, but now is of primarily historical interest.
Clark Hull
115
This behaviorist saw the behavior of men and animals to be purposive rather than mechanical, and also demonstrated the existence of "cognitive maps" and "latent learning" in rats. Also brought "logical positivism" and "operational definitions" into American psychology as a result of several years working with the "Vienna Circle" in Austria.
Edward C. Tolman
116
This neuropsychologist was inspired by behavioristic principles early in his career and spent his life trying to understand the brain mechanisms of behavior, carefully quantifying behavior before and after ablation of selected locations in animal brains.
Karl Lashley
117
Early ethnographer of Native American culture and passionate student of animal behavior. Presented a surprisingly compelling case for the believability of anthropomorphic accounts of animal behavior.
Lewis Henry Morgan
118
Young friend of Charles Darwin. Darwin entrusted him with his notes related to the psychology of animals. This work using Darwin's notes led to his 1882 book Animal Intelligence, in which he presented a clearly anthropomorphic account of animal behavior.
George J. Romanes
119
An American historian, physician, and naturalist who maintained that animal learning does not involve rational thought.
Joseph LeConte
120
A strong believer in parsimony, who described even the most complex animal behavior in biological terms, in keeping with his well known "canon."
C. Lloyd Morgan
121
Noteworthy German zoologist and advocate of the mechanistic view of behavior. He is well-known for his theory of "tropisms."
Jacques Loeb
122
Author of the 1869 book, Principles of Psychology, in which he argues that the human mind is a part of the natural world. He was also president of the University of Wisconsin.
John Bascom
123
Author of the 1855 text, Principles of Psychology. He is well-known for putting forth the idea of "social Darwinism," which he referred to as "synthetic philosophy," published four years before Darwin published his theory in Origin of the Species (1859).
Herber Spencer
124
Author of the "Law of Effect" in 1898. He demonstrated that animals do not necessarily use insight in escaping "puzzle boxes," but rather tend to use trial and error responses.
Edward Thorndike
125
The originator of "classical conditioning," awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on digestion and salivary reflexes in dogs.
Ivan Pavlov
126
Author of the 1876 book Reflexes of the Brain, and author of the "three-component model of the reflex" (excitation, psychological stage, motor reaction).
Ivan Sechenov
127
Held that all psychological processes could be explained by the "energy transformation" model, his brand of reflexology.
Vladmir Bekhterev
128
The originator of behaviorism in America, president of the APA in 1915, at 37 years of age, and author of Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, one of the most popular psychology books of all time.
John Watson
129
Used conditioning to treat fears in infants, such as little 3-year-old Peter, who was afraid of white rabbits. This is one of the earliest examples of what is now called "desensitization therapy."
Mary Cover Jones
130
President of the APA in 1937.
Edward C. Tolman
131
Author of the 1932 book, Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men
Edward C. Tolman
132
His mother was a Quaker, and thus a pacifist, and he also was a pacifist, authoring the book Drives Toward War (1942).
Edward C. Tolman
133
President of the APA in 1936
Clark Hull
134
Author of what was to become the dominant behavioristic learning theory of the 1940s and 1950, the so-called "Hypothetico-Deductive" theory, which was a somewhat mathematical theory
Clark Hull
135
Perhaps the greatest neuropsychologist of the 20th century. D. O. Hebb was his student at Harvard. He is famous for his principles of "equipotentiality" and "mass action," that if certain parts of the brain are damaged, other parts might take on the role of the damaged regions
Karl Lashley
136
The father of "operant conditioning," which to this day is a valuable and practical method for the training of animals.
B.F. Skinner
137
The Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior and Division 25 of the APA still carry on the work of this behavioral scientist’s "operant conditioning" line of research.
B.F. Skinner
138
Ivan Pavlov received the Nobel Prize in what year?
1904
139
Max Wertheimer did his undergraduate studies at _______ and at _______, and his PhD work at ________.
Charles University in Prague; Berlin; Würzburg.
140
Which of the Gestalt psychologists did research with chimpanzees on the Island of Tenerife during World War I (while perhaps also spying for Germany).
Wolfgang Köhler
141
Which of the Gestalt psychologists was president of the APA in 1958?
Wolfgang Köhler
142
Which of the Gestalt psychologists is author of the 1935 book Principles of Gestalt Psychology?
Kurt Koffka
143
Which three famous physicists influenced Gestalt psychology either by their friendship with one of the three founding Gestaltists, or through indirect influence of their writings?
Einstein, Planck, and Mach
144
Kurt Lewin could be considered to be one of the four founding fathers of Gestalt psychology, albeit one with a divergent focus from the other three into applied topics such as conflict resolution, social psychology, personality, and motivation. Three of the four of them received their PhD degrees from Carl Stumpf at Berlin. Which one did not receive his PhD from Carl Stumpf?
A.
Max Wertheimer
B.
Kurt Koffka
C.
Wolfgang Köhler
D.
Kurt Lewin
A) Max Wertheimer
145
From whom did Max Weirtheimer receive his PhD?
Oswald Külpe
146
Which of the Gestaltists is well-known for drawing the distinction between the Aristotelian and the Galilean (that is, similar to Galileo) thought modes?
Kurt Lewin
147
The noted physicist _________, who discovered the speed of sound, and several important visual phenomena, played a major role in laying the conceptual foundation for Gestalt psychology with the publication of his 1886 book The Analysis of Sensations, where he discusses space-forms and time-forms (such as a melody).
Ernest Mach
148
Who is the author of the pivotal 1890 paper “On Gestalt Qualities” that proposed that form qualities have an immediacy in experience?
Christian von Ehrenfels
149
The “Zeigarnik effect,” that is, the demonstration that tension dissipates after the completion of a mental task, was named for Bluma Zeigarnik, who discovered the phenomenon in collaboration with her mentor, ___________.
Kurt Lewin
150
According to Hebb, behavioral patterns are composed through the connection of particular sets of cells called
Cell Assemblies
151
______ is Lashley’s principle that the efficiency of performance of a complex function is affected in direct proportion to the degree of brain injury
Mass Action
152
___________ taught Lashley the precise surgical techniques he would later use in his cortical localization studies.
Shepherd Ivory Franz
153
What is "the foundational quantitative method for the past 120 years of development of psychometric theory and practice"?
factor analysis
154
What method was invented three years earlier in 1901, that led directly to the mathematics used in factor analysis
principal component analysis
155
An Englishman who achieved notably in geography and later in his studies of the hereditary roots of "genius."
Francis Galton
156
An English statistician who created the "product moment correlation coefficient."
Karl Pearson (probably)
157
A monk from Brno, a Czech town in the Bohemian Kingdom who laid the foundation of the science of genetics.
Gregor Mendel
158
An English psychologist who developed factor analysis to examine the elemental structure of human intelligence.
Charles Spearman
159
Published the seminal paper in 1901 on the mathematical method that became principal component analysis.
Karl Pearson
160
Used the least squares method in 1794 or 1795 to approximate the orbits of planets. A century later the method became the mathematical engine for regression analysis.
Carl Gauss
161
In 1805 published the first paper on the least squares method.
Adrien-Marie LeGendre
162
What is the difference between the Galtonian and the Mendelian mathematical approaches to genetics, as discussed by Sir Ronalt A. Fisher in his 1918 paper?
Mendel recorded the effects of genetic experiments on qualitative attributes, while Galton focused on quantitative, measurable attributes.
163
To whom did Pearson initially attribute the conceptual/mathematical work that eventually led to his correlation coefficient?
Auguste Bravais and his "product sum."
164
In his 1920 lecture to the Royal Institution, Pearson corrects his earlier error (1896) in crediting Bravais and his product sum with the discovery of the correlation coefficient and accords that honor to _____________.
Galton
165
____________ devised the first scientific mental measurement tests, making him the founder of psychometrics.
Galton
166
Which of the of the following is not one of the three preconditions identified by the authors for producing bona fide research data?
A.
Scientific rigor
B.
Principles of representation and meaningfulness
C.
Stochastic (probabilistic) modeling
D.
Predictability
Predictability
167
Olympic medals (gold, silver, bronze) are an example of which of the four measurement scales?
Ordinal
168
Which of the four measurement scales is essentially nothing more than qualitative categories, with no quantitative properties.
Nominal
169
Which of the four measurement scales has an absolute zero point?
Ratio
170
What year was Wundt's experimental laboratory established?
1879
171
Who invented Client Centered Therapy
Carl Rogers
172
172
Who invented the hierarchy of human needs
Abraham Maslow
173
When did the black plague kill off over a third of Italy’s population?
1348
174
When was Newton's Principium Mathematica written
1687
175
Who introduced the idea of synthetic philosophy or Social Darwinism?
Herbert Spencer
176
What book did Herbert Spencer write to support his theory of Social Darwinism, or survival of the fittest and when?
Principles of Psychology, 1855
