Test - Organic chemistry

Question 1

Addition Reaction - Alkene

Answer 1

Alkene:
The reaction is an ‘addition’ reaction because one molecule combines with another molecule, forming one larger molecule and no other products.

Question 2

Addition reaction - Hydrogenation

Answer 2

Hydrogenation:
Alkene + hydrogen -> Alkane

• Nickel catalyst
• TEMPERATURE OF 60C.

(diagram 1 in book)

Question 3

Addition reaction - Hydration

Answer 3

Hydration:
Alkene + water(steam) -> alcohol

-Concentrated phosphoic acid
-Using high temperature and pressure
(diagram 2 in book)

Question 4

Addition reaction - Halogen

Answer 4

Halogen:
Alkene + Halogen -> Halogenoalkane

(diagram 3 in book)

Question 5

Test for alkene

Answer 5

Alkene + Bromine water -> Becomes colourless

Question 6

Test for alkane

Answer 6

Alkane + Bromine water -> No change to the bromine water (remains orange-brown colour)

Question 7

Functional groups

Answer 7

Alkene: C=C

Alcohol: -OH (hydroxyl group)

Carboxylic acid: -COOH (carboxyl group)

Ester: -COO

Question 8

Homologous series definition

Answer 8

A group of organic compounds that have the same functional group

Question 9

Functional group definition

Answer 9

An atom or group of atoms that give organic compounds their characteristic reactions

Question 10

Unstaurated definition

Answer 10

A hydrocarbon that conatins at least on Carbon–Carbon double bond

Question 11

First 4 alcohols

Answer 11

Methanol - CH3OH
Ethanol - C2H5OH
Propanol - C3H7OH
Butanol - C4H9OH

Question 12

Making ethanol by fermentation

Answer 12

• anaerobic process
• equation = glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
• Yeast provides the enzyme for the process
• No air needed
• Warm temperature - between 25-35C.

Question 13

Combustion of alcohols

Answer 13

-The alcohols undergo complete combustion to form
carbon dioxide and water. For example, ethanol is used
as a fuel:
-ethanol + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
-C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
-When less oxygen is present, incomplete combustion
will occur, producing water and either carbon monoxide
or carbon.

Question 14

Reactions of alcohols with sodium

Answer 14

-If a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol,
bubbles of hydrogen gas are produced and the liquid
contains sodium ethoxide. The reaction is:
-sodium + ethanol → sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
-Na + C2H5OH → C2H5ONa + H2
-Methanol, propanol and butanol undergo similar reactions.

Question 15

Oxidation of alcohols

Answer 15

-The alcohols can also be oxidised without combustion
to produce carboxylic acids. For example, ethanol can
be oxidised to ethanoic acid using an oxidising agent.
-ethanol + oxidising agent → ethanoic acid + water
-CH3CH2OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O

Question 16

First four carboxylic acids

Answer 16

Methanoic acid - HCOOH
Ethanoic acid - CH3COOH
Propanoic acid - C2H5COOH
Butanoic acid - C3H7COOH

Question 17

Properties of carboxylic acids

Answer 17

• dissolve in water to form acidic solutions with pH values less than 7
• react with metals to form a salt and hydrogen
• react with bases to form a salt and water
• react with carbonates to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide

Question 18

Making Esters

Answer 18

Carboxylic acids can react with alcohols to make esters. Esters are organic compounds which all contain the functional group -COO-. Esters have fruity smells and can be used as solvents.

Question 19

General Ester equation

Answer 19

alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water

(ETHYL ETHANOATE + MAIN ONE - NEED TO KNOW)

Diagram 4 in book