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Molec Biology > Test One Chapter Two > Flashcards

Test One Chapter Two Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the result of mitosis

A

one round of duplication, one round of cell division, 2 diploid cells

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2
Q

what mutation happens in cystic fibrosis

A

3 nucleotides deleted, deletion in phenylalanine

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3
Q

what are the phases in mitosis and meiosis

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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4
Q

what is the genetic explanation for these unexpected phenotypes, primary exceptional

A

non disjunction

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5
Q

what is hemophilia

A

inability of blood to clot

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6
Q

what are the three possible outcomes of mutation

A

harmful, neutral and beneficial

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7
Q

the mutation in cystic fibrosis causes

A

prevents proper folding of protein, affects function of chloride channel

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8
Q

F1 stands for

A

generation from parents

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9
Q

what is the result of meiosis

A

one round of DNA replication, 2 cell divisions, 4 haploid gametes

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10
Q

what happens in G2 phase

A

prepare for M phase

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11
Q

what is thomas hunt morgan credited with

A

chromosome theory of inheritance and trait was connected to sex

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12
Q

what is a genotype

A

alleles contained in an organism

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13
Q

what is an allele

A

variant of the gene encoding a trait

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14
Q

what mutation occurs in sickle cell anemia

A

change from GAG to GTG which causes aa to go from glutamic to valine, single base change

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15
Q

when is a case when traits don’t sort independently

A

possible to have linked genes based on their location on the chromosome and recombination

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16
Q

how did mendels work debunk the predominant theory of the time that heredity resulted from a blending of a parental trait

A

he bred F1 with each other which produced the recessive trait that was hidden in the F1 generation

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17
Q

what is sickle cell anemia

A

mutation of hemoglobin, misshapen RBC and gets stuck in capillaries and impedes blood flow

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18
Q

what happens in G1 phase

A

cells doing cell job, diploid

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19
Q

what is a primary exceptional

A

defective meiosis, usually in mother, x chromosome did not separate, non disjuntion

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20
Q

what is mRNA

A

has nucleotide comp similar to DNA, template for ribosome to create protein sequence transcription

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21
Q

P stands for

A

parents

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22
Q

who is affected by hemophilia

A

mostly males due to it being a recessive on x chromosome and females can be carriers

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23
Q

what mutation is the driver of evolution

A

beneficial which increases viability

24
Q

what is mendel’s first law of heredity

A

allele pairs segregate during gamete formation, law of segregation

25
Q

what happens in S phase

A

DNA synthesis and duplicate info, 4 copies

26
Q

what is a gene

A

section of DNA encoding a protein or functional RNA

27
Q

what type of gene trait is sickle cell anemia

A

autosomal recessive, inherited by both parents

28
Q

what happens in G0 phase

A

no longer reproducing

29
Q

what organism did thomas hunt morgan work with

A

drosophila

30
Q

what led to gregor mendel’s success (how was his approach different from others?)

A

focused on individual plant features instead of plant in its entirety. Focused on isolate characteristics of seeds, flowers, stems, and seed pods

31
Q

what is rRNA

A

ribosomes made of RNA and proteins, protein synthesis in ribosomes

32
Q

mutation in cystic fibrosis is what type gene trait

A

autosomal recessive

33
Q

what happens in huntingtons

A

degeneration in neurons in brain affect motor coordination, memory and cognitive function

34
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate at centromere, move to opposite ends

35
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

hybrid progeny display phenotype intermediate between those of 2 parents, “something in between”, pink flower

36
Q

what is codominance

A

two alleles of a gene that produce two different functional proteins, neither of which is dominant, “work together”, both traits show up

37
Q

do traits always sort independently

A

no

38
Q

what does crossing over occur

A

during meiosis, during 1st division

39
Q

F2 stands for

A

generation from F1

40
Q

what is mendel’s second law

A

different genes assort into gametes independently of one another, law of independent assortment

41
Q

what happens during prophase

A

condensed, centrosomes at opposite poles

42
Q

what plant did he work with

A

garden pea, pisum sativum

43
Q

what happens during telophase

A

nuclear membrane forms, less visible chromosomes, cytokinesis

44
Q

what happens in cystic fibrosis

A

increases sweat and mucous production

45
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate, membrane dissolves, attache to centromeres

46
Q

what are the different types of RNA

A

rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA

47
Q

what is the significance of a mutation occurring in a germ line cells as opposed to somatic cell

A

offspring can inherit the mutation

48
Q

what happens during interphase

A

chromosomes not visible

49
Q

the cell cycle contains

A

G1, G0, S, G2 an m phase

50
Q

what is tRNA

A

amino acid attached, reads three nucleotides, adapter between nucleic acid and protein, has comp pair to mRNA, translation

51
Q

what is functional RNA

A

RNA molecules from tRNA and rRNA create functional RNA. Fold onto specific 3D shapes and make up most of RNA in cell

52
Q

what is gregor mendel credited with

A

founder of modern genetics

53
Q

what is a phenotype

A

outward appearance of an organism

54
Q

what causes the mutation in huntingtons

A

CAG, usually cause by template slipage during DNA synthesis

55
Q

what is the significance of crossing over

A

recombination, gene on one link switches with gene on other link, between two sister chromatids

Molec Biology (3 decks)

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