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Church History > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Arianism?

A
  • heretical belief system
  • only God the Father is eternal
  • God and the Son were not one, therefore not equal
  • Jesus is subject to change and cannot comprehend God
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2
Q

What did the apostle John’s death in 90 AD cause the early church to do?

A

Question their identity and what it meant to be a Christian

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3
Q

What are the four major groups that were within the Jewish circles?

A
  • Zealots
  • Essenes
  • Sadducees
  • Pharisees
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4
Q

What were the worship patterns of Judaism?

A
  • scripture reading
  • prayer
  • collection
  • exposition of the Word
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5
Q

What worship patterns came about because of Christ?

A
  • communion
  • intercessory prayer
  • hymn singing
  • kiss of peace
  • baptism
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6
Q

When did Jerusalem fall and what caused it to do so?

A
  • 66 AD

- Jews revolted against the Romans because of unfair treatment. The Romans then fought back

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7
Q

Why was the seasoned general Vespasian sent out?

A
  • To put down the Jewish revolt

- He attacked and conquered slowly, like a ninja

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8
Q

How long did the war between the Jews and the Romans last?

A

-7 bloody years

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9
Q

What year did the Temple fall and ultimately make it possible for the Christian church to separate from the Jewish church?

A

-70 AD

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10
Q

What are some things that aided the expansion of Christianity?

A
  • Fall of Jerusalem
  • Pax Romana
  • Roman roads
  • universal language (Greek)
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11
Q

What are some of the charges that the Romans had against Christians?

A
  • Cannibalism
  • Atheism
  • Incest
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12
Q

Name the Roman emperors who hated Christians.

A
  • Nero
  • Domitian
  • Marcus
  • Decius
  • Valerian
  • Diocletian
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13
Q

What did Decius do to the early church?

A
  • created an edict that people needed a gov’t certificate to worship
  • banned meetings
  • condemned clergy
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14
Q

What did Diocletion do?

A
  • destroyed churches
  • burned Scriptures
  • took away civil liberties
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15
Q

Which emperor used Christians as scapegoats for all the problems in the Roman Empire?

A
  • Nero

- > this caused the people to get upset about what the Christians were doing and diverted their attention from the gov’t

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16
Q

Define “canon”

A
  • Rod or ruler.
  • books of the Bible were used as rules for people to live by
  • first used by St. Athenasius (Simpson’s “man”) in 367 AD
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17
Q

What were some of the difficulties of canonizing the New Testament?

A
  • many writings, a lot of which heretical
  • apostles were gone and could not give guidance on the matter
  • the writings were gathered and compiled in many different churches
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18
Q

What are some gospels that did not make it into the Canon?

A
  • Gospel of Thomas
  • Gospel of Peter
  • Shepherd of Hermas
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19
Q

What did Marcion believe (cerca 140 AD)?

A
  • God of OT and NT were two different gods
  • > OT God was evil
  • > NT God is god of spirit
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20
Q

What caused the church to ultimately Canonize the New Testament?

A
  • Heresies (such as that of Marcion) and the urgent need to combat against them
  • the process took 200 years
  • Canon finally established in 367 AD
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21
Q

James the brother of Jesus…

A

had more power and influence on the early church than that of Peter, “the Rock”

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22
Q

What purpose did the episcopacy serve?

A
  • to defend against heresy

- to have leaders because many of them were being martyred

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23
Q

What did the early hierarchy look like in the church?

A
  • Bishops
  • Deacons
  • Presiding officers
  • elders
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24
Q

What did the early church hierarchy do for the church?

A
  • lead worship
  • help the poor
  • shut down heretical ideas and teachers
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25
Q

What is episcopacy?

A

the church hierarchy

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26
Q

In 185 what did Irenaeus argue?

A

That the bishops handed down traditions perfectly

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27
Q

What is a creed?

A

short statement of belief that sums up Christian teaching and gives a starting point for inquiring minds

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28
Q

Name the two types of creeds

A
  • Conciliar creeds
    • > formed by councils and are the great creeds of the church
  • Baptismal creeds
    • > organized teachings of the apostles in order to preserve the message of Christ
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29
Q

What three options did Christians have when persecuted?

A
  1. Give in
  2. Martyred
  3. Lie
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30
Q

Name some of the martyrs

A
  • Ignatus (117)
  • Polycarp (115)
  • Perpetua and Felicitous (202)
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31
Q

What are some details about Ignatus’ death?

A
  • bishop of Antioch
  • slowly transported to Rome
  • spoke to many people on the way there
  • had a strong desire for a bloody death, in particular wanted to be mauled by wild animals
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32
Q

What are some details about Polycarp’s death?

A
  • was an 86 year old man
  • arrested and charged for being a Christian
  • Roman Council took pity on him and tried to get him off the hook
  • went to the stake singing
  • wouldn’t proclaim Caesar as lord
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33
Q

What are some details about Perpetua’s death?

A
  • was a noble woman
  • seized along with her slave Felicitous during baptismal classes
  • was attacked by many animals
  • was ultimately killed by the sword because the animals weren’t killing them well enough
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34
Q

Who developed penance?

A

Cypran of Carthage

->he believed that the confessing church could forgive people

35
Q

Name two schools of thought about what types of people were in the church

A

Novation

  • believed the church was made up of saints
  • those who had denied Christ could NOT be reinstated

Corneilius

  • believed the church was made up of sinners
  • with the appropriate penance people could be reinstated to the church that had gone astray
36
Q

What is important about the battle on the Milvian Bridge?

A
  • Constantine has a vision of the labarium from the Lord and becomes a Christian
  • goes on to legalize Christianity (Edict of Milan)
37
Q

What were the seven ecumenical councils?

A
  • Nicea (325)
  • Constantinople (381)
  • Ephesus (431)
  • Chalcedone (451)
  • Constantinople (553) (x2)
  • Nicea
38
Q

What happened in the first Council of Nicea?

A
  • Nicine Creed established
  • Arianism would be argued against by Simpson’s man Athanasius
  • Nicolus of Myrna was present (aka SANTA CLAUS!!!)
39
Q

What happened in the first Council of Constantinople?

A
  • Established God the Trinity

- Debated Jesus’ humanity and divinity combined

40
Q

What happened in the Council of Ephesus?

A
  • debate on whether we could choose to be evil or good or if we were bound because of Adam’s sin
  • concluded that people are bound by sin because of Adam
41
Q

What happened in the Council of Chalcedon?

A
  • 560 bishops were in attendance
  • dealt with the humanity of Jesus
  • concluded that Jesus was a person with two natures
42
Q

What does the term “sees” mean?

A

Catholic term for church power

43
Q

What caused the fall of Rome in 410?

A
  • the Goths ransacked Rome

- Romans were extremely soft

44
Q

Who was St. Augustine?

A
  • most influential of the church fathers
  • formulated new theology that would allow Christianity to be the social glue of the Roman state
  • believed that the proper goal of human striving is God and a society in fellowship with Him
45
Q

Who was Muhammad?

A
  • founder of Islam

- born in a high class family in Mecca

46
Q

What was Muhammad’s first vision?

A
  • happened in the cave of Harra in 610
  • angel dictated text to him
  • Muhammad to memorize and preach the text that he was given
47
Q

What is the Qur’an?

A
  • uncreated, literal, and eternal word of God
  • states that Judaism and Christianity had become corrupted
  • emphasis of deeds over ideas
  • doctrine of abrogation
  • > if there are conflicting concepts, the things that are further along in the text are what is true
48
Q

Who is Allah?

A
  • God of the Muslim faith

- unable to be known at all

49
Q

What is the greatest sin according to the Muslim faith?

A

Shirk -> assigning partners to God (only sin that can not be made up for with good deeds)

50
Q

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

A
  • Confession
  • Prayer (only pillar based on theology)
  • Fasting
  • Giving Alms
  • Pilgrimage
51
Q

What happened during the Dark Ages?

A
  • great theological strides were taken
  • Barbarians burned the libraries full of ancient writings
  • > we only have some of the writings because of the reservation of them by the monks
52
Q

Who were the Ascetics?

A
  • Monks
  • left the church and lived in the desert because they felt that Christianity being legalized stifled the church
  • had no money
  • traded things such as baskets for food
  • battled demons in the desert (literally)
  • were respected by the people
  • lived alone
  • St. Anthony is the first of the recorded fathers in the desert
53
Q

Who were the Cenobitic monks?

A
  • formed communities

- stayed separate from the world and women

54
Q

Who was Pachomius?

A
  • responsible for the development of monks as we know them today
  • started out as an Ascetic monk
  • convicted by the Holy Spirit to serve mankind
  • built 10 monasteries
55
Q

What did the daily activity of monks look like?

A
  • constant prayer
  • devotions
  • work
  • lived in poverty
56
Q

Who was St. Benedict?

A
  • Christian in Rome
  • saw Christians as corrupt and became a monk
  • established 12 monasteries, the first of which still exists
57
Q

How did the monks contribute to society?

A
  • copied manuscripts
  • monasteries were centers for learning
  • spiritual renewal during the Dark Ages
  • mission-mindedness
58
Q

Name some missionary monks and the places they went.

A
  • Gregory I -> England
  • Patrick -> Ireland
  • Columbia -> Scotland
  • Boniface -> Germany
59
Q

What caused feudalism to develop?

A

frequent invasions by vikings

60
Q

Name the levels of hierarchy in the feudal system.

A
  • Kings and Queens
  • Nobility (lords and knights)
  • Clergy
  • Serfs/Freemen
61
Q

What are fiefs?

A

Land divided by lords given to vassals in order for the areas to be protected against invasion

62
Q

Define the role of a knight

A
  • mounted warrior
  • was given land for services to the lords
  • required to remain faithful to the lords that gave them the land
63
Q

What was the manorial system?

A

economic system that went with feudalism

64
Q

What was a manor?

A

An estate that was self sufficient that included farm land, a church, and a village-like set up

65
Q

Define the role of the serfs.

A
  • couldn’t leave manor
  • essentially slaves to the master
  • were not allowed to marry without permission either
  • worked the land for long hours
  • required to pay taxes in order to do their work and a 10% tithe
  • lived in crowded cottages
66
Q

Who were able to be freemen?

A
  • skilled workers
  • paid rent to nobles to live in the manors
  • could leave when they so pleased
  • held professions like blacksmith or miller
67
Q

What were the crusades?

A

A series of wars fought over Jerusalem by the Christians and the Muslims in order to protect Byzantine

68
Q

Why were so many people willing to be crusaders?

A

it was a way out of serf-dom

69
Q

What happened in the first Crusade? (1009-1144) (People’s Crusade)

A

-crusaders take Jerusalem from the Egyptians

70
Q

How many crusades were there?

A

Nine (including the Children’s Crusade)

71
Q

What was the Children’s Crusade (1212)?

A
  • children were charged to go fight because they would be seen as innocent
  • none survived
72
Q

What happened during the Fourth Crusade (1198-1204)?

A
  • Christians sacked Constantinople (a Christian city)

- made it easier for the Muslims to take the city

73
Q

What were the effects of the Crusades?

A
  • weakened of the pope and nobles
  • weakened the Byzantine Empire
  • strengthened monarchies
  • stimulated trade
  • left a bitter taste in the Jews and Muslims’ mouth
74
Q

What was the Great Schism?

A
  • a divide between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches
  • mutual excommunications by both the patriarch and the pope in 1054
  • could not see eye to eye on the little things even though they both fundamentally believed the same things
75
Q

What is preeminence?

A
  • The Roman idea that “I am the boss of the world” or “what I say goes” (and that’s for the whole world)
  • what the pope believes
76
Q

What is scholasticism?

A

an attempt to rationalize theology through academics and philosophy rather than from a Biblical standpoint

77
Q

What happened as a result of scholasticism?

A
  • universities established
  • commentaries replaced the study of the Word
  • systematic theology was split from Biblical study
  • Cathedral schools were established
78
Q

What is mysticism?

A
  • the response to scholasticism
  • urged people to have direct contact with God in the act of worship instead of just participating
  • many of the mystics were scholastics who believed that scholasticism went too far
79
Q

What did the Roman Catholics do differently from the Eastern Orthodox?

A
  • services held in Latin
  • Pope has authority over all
  • priests cannot marry
80
Q

What did the Eastern Orthodox do differently from the Roman Catholics?

A
  • services held in Greek or local languages
  • Patriarch has authority
  • priests can marry
81
Q

When did excommunications get lifted?

A
  • 1965
  • simultaneous ceremony done by Pope John Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras
  • didn’t unify the church
82
Q

What were the three types of discipleship in the Dark Ages?

A
  • Martyr-dom
  • Monasticism
  • Communal Monasticism
83
Q

What were the similarities between the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox churches?

A
  • based faith in Jesus
  • use sacraments
  • seek to convert people
  • religious leaders (other than the Pope/Patriarch) are the same

Church History (2 decks)

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