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Anatomical Kinesiology > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

structure of the human body

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2
Q

Kinesiology

A

study of movement

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3
Q

Structural Kinesiolofy

A

study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement.

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4
Q

How many bones are in the body?

A

206

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5
Q

Who needs to understand anatomical kinesiology

A

Physical Therapist, Surgeons, Trainers, Prosthesis, Physicians Assistant, and Physicians.

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6
Q

Rules for becoming a good anatomist.

A
  1. Memorize the joint motions

2. Memorize where each muscle crosses the joint.

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7
Q

Anatomical Neutral

A

this our reference position of the human body

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8
Q

What does Anatomical Neutral consist of?

A

it consists of: head forward, palms forward, arms by side, feet forward.

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9
Q

Anterior

A

front of body

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10
Q

Posterior

A

back of body

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11
Q

Medial

A

toward midline

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12
Q

Lateral

A

away from midline

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13
Q

Distal

A

away from the center or midline of the body or away from the point of orgin

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14
Q

Proximal

A

near the trunk of the point of origin

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15
Q

Superior

A

closer to the head

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16
Q

inferior

A

away from the head

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17
Q

origin

A

proximal attachment

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18
Q

insertion

A

distal attachment

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19
Q

dorsal

A

top of hand or foot

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20
Q

plantar

A

bottom of foot

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21
Q

superfical

A

more toward the surface

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22
Q

deep

A

more toward the inside

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23
Q

agonist

A

muscle most responsible for the joint movement

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24
Q

antagonist

A

opposite of the agonist

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25
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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26
Q

contralateral

A

pertaining or relating to the opposite

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27
Q

palmer

A

bottom of hand

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28
Q

range of motion

A

the angular distance through which a joint can be moved either actively or passively

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29
Q

ACTIVE range of motion

A

self-engagin

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30
Q

PASSIVE range of motion

A

external force/help

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31
Q

RESISTIVE range of motion

A

against resistance

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32
Q

goniometer

A

instrument used to measure the range of motion

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33
Q

plane

A

a 2-D surface defined by three points not on the same line

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34
Q

How does motion occur?

A

in a plane

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35
Q

axes

A

a line passing perpendicularly through a plane

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36
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides the body in left and right parts

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37
Q

frontal plane

A

divides the body in anterior and posterior parts

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38
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body in superior and inferior parts

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39
Q

mid-plane

A

one of the cardinal planes that passes through the body dividing into equal halves

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40
Q

center of mass

A

the point at which all three mid cardinal planes intersect

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41
Q

Medial-Lateral

A

corresponding axis to the sagittal plane of motion.

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42
Q

Anterior-Posterior

A

corresponding axis to the frontal plane of motion

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43
Q

Longitudinal or Polar

A

corresponding axis to the transverse plane of motion

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44
Q

What are the purposes of the skeletal system?

A
  1. protect internal organs
  2. facilitate muscle action and body movement
  3. provide muscle attachment site
  4. production of red blood cells
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45
Q

What are the structural properties of the skeletal system

A
  1. second only to dentin/enamel as the hardest part of the body
  2. metabolically active throughout life
  3. highly vascular
  4. adaptive to mechanical demands (Wolff’s Law)
  5. mineral salts (calcium and phosphates) makes bone hard and rigid
  6. collagen fibers allow for pliability
  7. allows for stability and mobility
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46
Q

Two parts of the skeletal system

A
  1. Axial Skeleton

2. Appendicular Skeleton

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47
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

central pillar of the body

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48
Q

Axial Skeleton is composed of

A
  • skull (29 bones)
  • spinal column (33 bones)
  • thorax (25 bones)
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49
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

upper and lower extremities

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50
Q

Irregular Bones

A
  • asymetrical shape
  • generally in a position to withstand direct loading
  • provide for limited range of motion

Example: vertebrae

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51
Q

Flat Bones

A
  • have relatively large, smooth areas
  • best suited for protection
  • due to their position in their flat arrangement

Example: cranial bones

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52
Q

Short Bones

A
  • small compact shaped bones (width and length comparable)
  • designed to fit into unique spaces within the body (usually around or near gliding joints)

Example: bones of wrist, bones of ankle

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53
Q

Long Bones

A
  • long central shaft and are topped at wither end with load bearing surfaces
  • length of these bones are disproportional to the width of the bone
  • designed to provide long levers throughout the body

Example: humerus femur

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54
Q

Diaphysis

A

central shaft

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55
Q

Periosteum

A

dense, fibrous membrane covering diaphysis

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56
Q

Epiphysis

A

end of the long bone, articulates with adjacent bone

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57
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

growth plate

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58
Q

Different parts of the long bone

A
  • diaphysis
  • periosteum
  • epiphysis
  • compact bone
  • trabecular bone
  • epiphyseal plate
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59
Q

Seasmoid Bone

A
  • usually small and flat in general shape
  • positioned through out the body so as to provide the joint a fulcrum to work against

2 major purposes

  1. protection
  2. increased mechanical advantage

Example: patella, seasmoids

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60
Q

Bone grows…

A

circumferentially and longitudinally

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61
Q

Longitudinal

A
  • occurs at epiphyseal (growth) plate

- plate seals at 18-25 years of age

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62
Q

Circumferential

A
  • cross sectional growth

- Wolff’s Law

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63
Q

Bones are exposed to different types of loading. Loading is:

A

the bones must support and resist forces from different directions and angles

64
Q

Tension

A

-the bones is loaded along its long axis pulling the bone in opposite directions

Example: fracture at the base of the 5th metatarsal at insertion of peronells brevis

65
Q

Compression

A

-the bone is loaded along the axis pushing the bone towards the center

Example: fracture of the vertebrae in elderly

66
Q

Bending

A

-forces acting in opposite directions causing tension on the longer side and compression on the shorter side. (adult bone is weaker in tension and usually breaks on that side

Example: boot top fracture

67
Q

Shear

A

-forces acting in opposite directions across the long axis of the bone

Example: ACL tear

68
Q

Torsion (twisting/rotation)

A

-forces cause a rotation force along the long axis of the bone

Example: Torsional fracture of the femur

69
Q

Combination

A
  • most types of loading in vivo are this type
  • it is a combination of any of the types of previously mentioned forces

Example: Walking
heel strike-compression
stance or foot flat-tension
toe off-compression

70
Q

Condyle

A

A rounded process of a bone that articulates with another bone. Helps with movement and articulation

71
Q

Epicondyle

A

A small condyle

72
Q

Facet

A

A small, fairly flat, smooth surface of a bone, generally an articular surface

73
Q

Foramen

A

A hole in a bone through which nerves or vessels pass

74
Q

Fossa

A

A shallow dish-shaped section of a bone that provides space for an articulation with another bone or serves as a muscle attachment

75
Q

Process

A

A body prominence (pertrussion)

76
Q

Tuberosity

A

A raised section of bone to which a ligament, tendon, or muscle attaches; usually created or enlarged by the stress of the muscle’s pull on that bone during growth.

77
Q

Joint

A

Joint = Articultion

  • Point at which two or more bones are connected to each other
  • The bones rotate about a central axis
  • This rotation is what causes the movement
78
Q

Types of Joints

A
  1. Synathrotic
  2. Amphiarthrotic
  3. Diathrotic
79
Q

Synathrotic

A
  • non-movable

- sutures of cranial bones

80
Q

Amphiarthrotic

A
  • slightly movable
  • syndesmosis (ligaments)
  • synchrondosis (cartilage)
81
Q

Diarthrotic

A
  • extremely movable

- based on how many axes the articulating bones can move

82
Q

Joint Capsule

A

diathrotic joint

  1. sleeve like covering of ligaments
  2. lines with a synovial capsule that secretes synovial fluid
83
Q

Gliding (arthrodial)

A

diarthrotic

-nonaxial (movement occurs as one bone slide past another without an axis)

Examples: carpasls, tarsals, distal radio-ulna

84
Q

Pivot (trochodial)

A

diarthrotic

-uniaxial (one axis-one plane)
Examples: atlas and axis, proximal radio and ulnar joint

85
Q

Conodyloid

A

diarthrotic

  • biaxial (2 axes-2 planes)
  • one bone has a concave end and the other has a convex end
  • allows for passive motion with no muscles that cause the movement (circular movement)

Example: tibiofemoral

86
Q

Hinge

A

diarthrotic

  • uniaxial (1 axis-1 plane)
  • can only flex and extend

Example: elbow (humeroulnar joint)

87
Q

Ellipsoid

A

diarthrotic

  • biaxial (2 axes-2 planes)
  • one bone has a concave end and the other has a convex end
  • does not allow for passive rotation

Example: radial-carpal (wrist), metacarpophalangeal

88
Q

Saddle (sellar)

A

diarthrotic

  • triaxial (3 axes-3 planes)
  • both sides are concave

Example:
first carpal-metacarpal joint (in the thumb it is at the base of the anatomical snuff box)

89
Q

Ball and Socket

A

diarthrotic

  • triaxial (3 axes-3 planes)
  • the rounded “ball” fits in the cup like “socket” of the other

Example:
Hip and Shoulder

90
Q

Joint actions

A
  • terms that allow everyone to know the particular movement of the joint
  • the terms are useless unless we apply them to a particular joing
91
Q

We can generally say that the joint motion is caused by a group of ___________ with that same name.

A

muscles

92
Q

Flexion

A
  • typically a decrease of an angle at the joint

- any movement that “rolls” the body towards the fetal position.

93
Q

Extension

A
  • typically an increase in joint angle

- coming out of the fetal position

94
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from the midline

95
Q

Adduction

A

Moving towards the midline

96
Q

Internal Rotation (medial)

A

moving the anterior surface towards the midline

97
Q

External Rotation (lateral)

A

moving the anterior surface away from the midline

98
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

moving the top of the foot upwards

99
Q

Plantarflexion

A

moving the bottom of the foot downwards

100
Q

Inversion

A

the bottom of the foot turns toward the midline.

  • outside of the foot goes down
  • typical ankle sprain position
101
Q

Eversion

A

the bottom of the foot turns away from the midline

-outside of the foot goes up

102
Q

Horizontal Abduction

A

with the segment flexed, the segment is moved in the transverse plane, away from the midline

103
Q

Horizontal Adduction

A

with the segment flexed, the segment is moved in the transverse plane, toward the midline

104
Q

Anterior Pelvic Girdle Rotation

A

ASIS rotates forward in sagittal plane

105
Q

Posterior Pelvic Girdle Rotation

A

ASIS rotates backward in sagittal plane

106
Q

Right Transverse Pelvic Girdle Rotation

A

the right ASIS rotates posteriorly

107
Q

Left Transverse Pelvic Girdle Rotation

A

the left ASIS rotates posteriorly

108
Q

Right Lateral Pelvic Girdle Rotation

A

right ASIS moves inferiorly (frontal plane)

109
Q

Left Lateral Pelvic Girdle

A

left ASIS moves inferiorly (frontal plane)

110
Q

Left Lateral Lumbar Flexion

A

upper body flexes to the right to decrease the angle between the shoulder and the hip

-left lateral bending

111
Q

Right Lateral Lumbar Flexion

A

upper body flexes to the left to decrease the angle between the shoulders and the hip

-right lateral bending

112
Q

Going back to neutral is called….

A

reduction

113
Q

Upward Rotation

A

the inferior angle moves superiorly and laterally

114
Q

Downward Rotation

A

the inferior angle moves inferiorly and medially

115
Q

Elevation

A

scapula moves upward

116
Q

Depression

A

scapula moves downward

117
Q

Protraction (Abduction)

A

the vertebral border of the scapula moves away from the midline (spine)

118
Q

Retraction (Adduction)

A

the vertebral boxer of the scapula moves toward the midline (spine)

119
Q

Pronation

A

when the thumb is positioned on the medial side of the elbow, the radio-ulna joint is in pronation

palm down

120
Q

Supination

A

when the thumb is positioned on the lateral side of the elbow, the radio-ulna joint is in supination

palm up

121
Q

Radial Deviation

A

radial flexion

thumb moves towards the forearm

122
Q

Ulnar Deviation

A

ulnar flexion

pinkie moves toward the forearm

123
Q

Force Production in Muscles

A

Muscles must produce force across a joint in order to cause the joint to rotate.

This rotation at the joint is what causes a movement.

Turning force=Moment or Torque

124
Q

Tissue Properties of Muscle

A

Irritability
Contractibility
Distensibility
Elasticity

125
Q

Irritability

A

responds to stimulation by a chemical neurotransmitter (ACh)

126
Q

Contractibility

A

ability to shorten (50-70%) usually limited by joint range of motion

127
Q

Distensibility

A

ability to stretch or lengthen corresponds to stretching of the perimysium, epimysium, and fascia

128
Q

Elasticity

A

ability to return to normal state (after lengthening)

129
Q

Active contractile component develops force

A

Dependent on neural factors, mechanical factors, fiber type, muscle architecture

130
Q

Muscle force transmitted through the tendon to bony insertion

A

Muscle force on bone creates joint torque (moment). Affected by muscle force, moment arm, and joint position

131
Q

Tissue Types of the Skeletal Muscle Structure

A

Muscle Tissue and Connective Tissue

132
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

contractile

contains active force producing elements

133
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • elastic
  • tendon (connects contractile elements to bone at proximal and distal ends)
  • separates muscle into compartments
    1. Epimysium
    2. Perimysium
    3. Endomysium
134
Q

Sacromeres

A

Basic contractile unit of muscle

Actin and Myosin crossbridge cycling

135
Q

Myofilaments

A 
Contractile Proteins (actin & myosin)
Structural Proteins
136
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A
  1. Myosin Crossbridge Attaches to Actin Filament
  2. Crossbridge formation contracts
  3. Actin and Myosin Filaments slide past each other
  4. Sacromere Shortens
  5. Force is Produced
  6. Repititive Process
137
Q

Shortenin gof Sacromere causes…

A

shortening of whole muscle. occurs from both ends toward center

138
Q

Contractile force produced by…

A

sacromere transmitted to the bone. produces joint motion

139
Q

Force development within the muscles. Length tension Relationship

A
  • cross-bridge relationship
  • contractile and elastic elements
  • inverted U
140
Q

concentric

A

total muscle length decreases under tension

F > R

muscle develops enough force to overcome resistance

joint angle changes in direction of the applied force

141
Q

eccentric

A

total muscle length increases under tension

R > F

joint angle changes in the direction of the resistance or external force

used to control movement with gravity or resistance

142
Q

isometric

A

total muscle length stays the same under tension

R = F

143
Q

isokinetic

A

muscle action in which the length of the muscle changes at the same speed through out the range a motion (same speed, variable resistance)

144
Q

isotonic

A

muscle action in which the tension of the muscle remains the same throughout the entire range of motion (variable speed, same resistance)

145
Q

isoinertial

A

muscle action in which the external load remains the same throughout

146
Q

Muscles can be named by

A 
shape
size
number of divisions
direction of fibers
location
point of attachment
action
147
Q

Muscles can be divided into two divisions

A

Parallel

Pennate

148
Q

Parallel

A

fibers arranged parallel to the length of the muscle. Built for range of motion

149
Q

Pennate

A

shorter fibers arranged obliquely to the tendons (like a feather). Built for force production

150
Q

Parallel: Flat Muscles

A

thin and broad. speed force over large area

rectus abdominus
external oblique

151
Q

Parallel: Fusiform Muscles

A

spindle shaped with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end

brachialis
brachioradialis

152
Q

Parallel: Strap Muscles

A

uniform in diameter with almost all fibers arranged in a long parallel manner

sartorius

153
Q

Parallel: Radiate Muscles

A

triangular fan shaped, combination of flat and fusiform

pectorals major
trapezius

154
Q

Parallel: Sphincter

A

circular muscles that surround openings

orbicularis oris

155
Q

Pennate: Unipennate

A

run obliquely from a tendon on one side only

biceps femoris
extensor digitorum longus
tibilais posterior

156
Q

Pennate: Bipennate

A

run obliquely on both sides from a central tendon

rectus femoris
flexor hallicus longus

157
Q

Multipennate

A

several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them

deltoid

Anatomical Kinesiology (6 decks)

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