Test One Flashcards
Anatomy
structure of the human body
Kinesiology
study of movement
Structural Kinesiolofy
study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement.
How many bones are in the body?
206
Who needs to understand anatomical kinesiology
Physical Therapist, Surgeons, Trainers, Prosthesis, Physicians Assistant, and Physicians.
Rules for becoming a good anatomist.
- Memorize the joint motions
2. Memorize where each muscle crosses the joint.
Anatomical Neutral
this our reference position of the human body
What does Anatomical Neutral consist of?
it consists of: head forward, palms forward, arms by side, feet forward.
Anterior
front of body
Posterior
back of body
Medial
toward midline
Lateral
away from midline
Distal
away from the center or midline of the body or away from the point of orgin
Proximal
near the trunk of the point of origin
Superior
closer to the head
inferior
away from the head
origin
proximal attachment
insertion
distal attachment
dorsal
top of hand or foot
plantar
bottom of foot
superfical
more toward the surface
deep
more toward the inside
agonist
muscle most responsible for the joint movement
antagonist
opposite of the agonist
ipsilateral
on the same side
contralateral
pertaining or relating to the opposite
palmer
bottom of hand
range of motion
the angular distance through which a joint can be moved either actively or passively
ACTIVE range of motion
self-engagin
PASSIVE range of motion
external force/help
RESISTIVE range of motion
against resistance
goniometer
instrument used to measure the range of motion
plane
a 2-D surface defined by three points not on the same line
How does motion occur?
in a plane
axes
a line passing perpendicularly through a plane
sagittal plane
divides the body in left and right parts
frontal plane
divides the body in anterior and posterior parts
transverse plane
divides the body in superior and inferior parts
mid-plane
one of the cardinal planes that passes through the body dividing into equal halves
center of mass
the point at which all three mid cardinal planes intersect
Medial-Lateral
corresponding axis to the sagittal plane of motion.
Anterior-Posterior
corresponding axis to the frontal plane of motion
Longitudinal or Polar
corresponding axis to the transverse plane of motion
What are the purposes of the skeletal system?
- protect internal organs
- facilitate muscle action and body movement
- provide muscle attachment site
- production of red blood cells
What are the structural properties of the skeletal system
- second only to dentin/enamel as the hardest part of the body
- metabolically active throughout life
- highly vascular
- adaptive to mechanical demands (Wolff’s Law)
- mineral salts (calcium and phosphates) makes bone hard and rigid
- collagen fibers allow for pliability
- allows for stability and mobility
Two parts of the skeletal system
- Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
central pillar of the body
Axial Skeleton is composed of
- skull (29 bones)
- spinal column (33 bones)
- thorax (25 bones)
Appendicular Skeleton
upper and lower extremities
Irregular Bones
- asymetrical shape
- generally in a position to withstand direct loading
- provide for limited range of motion
Example: vertebrae
Flat Bones
- have relatively large, smooth areas
- best suited for protection
- due to their position in their flat arrangement
Example: cranial bones
Short Bones
- small compact shaped bones (width and length comparable)
- designed to fit into unique spaces within the body (usually around or near gliding joints)
Example: bones of wrist, bones of ankle
Long Bones
- long central shaft and are topped at wither end with load bearing surfaces
- length of these bones are disproportional to the width of the bone
- designed to provide long levers throughout the body
Example: humerus femur
Diaphysis
central shaft
Periosteum
dense, fibrous membrane covering diaphysis
Epiphysis
end of the long bone, articulates with adjacent bone
Epiphyseal Plate
growth plate
Different parts of the long bone
- diaphysis
- periosteum
- epiphysis
- compact bone
- trabecular bone
- epiphyseal plate
Seasmoid Bone
- usually small and flat in general shape
- positioned through out the body so as to provide the joint a fulcrum to work against
2 major purposes
- protection
- increased mechanical advantage
Example: patella, seasmoids
Bone grows…
circumferentially and longitudinally
Longitudinal
- occurs at epiphyseal (growth) plate
- plate seals at 18-25 years of age
Circumferential
- cross sectional growth
- Wolff’s Law
Bones are exposed to different types of loading. Loading is:
the bones must support and resist forces from different directions and angles
Tension
-the bones is loaded along its long axis pulling the bone in opposite directions
Example: fracture at the base of the 5th metatarsal at insertion of peronells brevis
Compression
-the bone is loaded along the axis pushing the bone towards the center
Example: fracture of the vertebrae in elderly
Bending
-forces acting in opposite directions causing tension on the longer side and compression on the shorter side. (adult bone is weaker in tension and usually breaks on that side
Example: boot top fracture
Shear
-forces acting in opposite directions across the long axis of the bone
Example: ACL tear
Torsion (twisting/rotation)
-forces cause a rotation force along the long axis of the bone
Example: Torsional fracture of the femur
Combination
- most types of loading in vivo are this type
- it is a combination of any of the types of previously mentioned forces
Example: Walking
heel strike-compression
stance or foot flat-tension
toe off-compression
Condyle
A rounded process of a bone that articulates with another bone. Helps with movement and articulation
Epicondyle
A small condyle
Facet
A small, fairly flat, smooth surface of a bone, generally an articular surface
Foramen
A hole in a bone through which nerves or vessels pass
Fossa
A shallow dish-shaped section of a bone that provides space for an articulation with another bone or serves as a muscle attachment
Process
A body prominence (pertrussion)
Tuberosity
A raised section of bone to which a ligament, tendon, or muscle attaches; usually created or enlarged by the stress of the muscle’s pull on that bone during growth.
Joint
Joint = Articultion
- Point at which two or more bones are connected to each other
- The bones rotate about a central axis
- This rotation is what causes the movement
Types of Joints
- Synathrotic
- Amphiarthrotic
- Diathrotic
Synathrotic
- non-movable
- sutures of cranial bones
Amphiarthrotic
- slightly movable
- syndesmosis (ligaments)
- synchrondosis (cartilage)
Diarthrotic
- extremely movable
- based on how many axes the articulating bones can move
Joint Capsule
diathrotic joint
- sleeve like covering of ligaments
- lines with a synovial capsule that secretes synovial fluid
Gliding (arthrodial)
diarthrotic
-nonaxial (movement occurs as one bone slide past another without an axis)
Examples: carpasls, tarsals, distal radio-ulna
Pivot (trochodial)
diarthrotic
-uniaxial (one axis-one plane)
Examples: atlas and axis, proximal radio and ulnar joint
Conodyloid
diarthrotic
- biaxial (2 axes-2 planes)
- one bone has a concave end and the other has a convex end
- allows for passive motion with no muscles that cause the movement (circular movement)
Example: tibiofemoral
Hinge
diarthrotic
- uniaxial (1 axis-1 plane)
- can only flex and extend
Example: elbow (humeroulnar joint)
Ellipsoid
diarthrotic
- biaxial (2 axes-2 planes)
- one bone has a concave end and the other has a convex end
- does not allow for passive rotation
Example: radial-carpal (wrist), metacarpophalangeal
Saddle (sellar)
diarthrotic
- triaxial (3 axes-3 planes)
- both sides are concave
Example:
first carpal-metacarpal joint (in the thumb it is at the base of the anatomical snuff box)
Ball and Socket
diarthrotic
- triaxial (3 axes-3 planes)
- the rounded “ball” fits in the cup like “socket” of the other
Example:
Hip and Shoulder
Joint actions
- terms that allow everyone to know the particular movement of the joint
- the terms are useless unless we apply them to a particular joing
We can generally say that the joint motion is caused by a group of ___________ with that same name.
muscles
Flexion
- typically a decrease of an angle at the joint
- any movement that “rolls” the body towards the fetal position.
Extension
- typically an increase in joint angle
- coming out of the fetal position
Abduction
Moving away from the midline
Adduction
Moving towards the midline
Internal Rotation (medial)
moving the anterior surface towards the midline
External Rotation (lateral)
moving the anterior surface away from the midline
Dorsiflexion
moving the top of the foot upwards
Plantarflexion
moving the bottom of the foot downwards
Inversion
the bottom of the foot turns toward the midline.
- outside of the foot goes down
- typical ankle sprain position
Eversion
the bottom of the foot turns away from the midline
-outside of the foot goes up
Horizontal Abduction
with the segment flexed, the segment is moved in the transverse plane, away from the midline
Horizontal Adduction
with the segment flexed, the segment is moved in the transverse plane, toward the midline
Anterior Pelvic Girdle Rotation
ASIS rotates forward in sagittal plane
Posterior Pelvic Girdle Rotation
ASIS rotates backward in sagittal plane
Right Transverse Pelvic Girdle Rotation
the right ASIS rotates posteriorly
Left Transverse Pelvic Girdle Rotation
the left ASIS rotates posteriorly
Right Lateral Pelvic Girdle Rotation
right ASIS moves inferiorly (frontal plane)
Left Lateral Pelvic Girdle
left ASIS moves inferiorly (frontal plane)
Left Lateral Lumbar Flexion
upper body flexes to the right to decrease the angle between the shoulder and the hip
-left lateral bending
Right Lateral Lumbar Flexion
upper body flexes to the left to decrease the angle between the shoulders and the hip
-right lateral bending
Going back to neutral is called….
reduction
Upward Rotation
the inferior angle moves superiorly and laterally
Downward Rotation
the inferior angle moves inferiorly and medially
Elevation
scapula moves upward
Depression
scapula moves downward
Protraction (Abduction)
the vertebral border of the scapula moves away from the midline (spine)
Retraction (Adduction)
the vertebral boxer of the scapula moves toward the midline (spine)
Pronation
when the thumb is positioned on the medial side of the elbow, the radio-ulna joint is in pronation
palm down
Supination
when the thumb is positioned on the lateral side of the elbow, the radio-ulna joint is in supination
palm up
Radial Deviation
radial flexion
thumb moves towards the forearm
Ulnar Deviation
ulnar flexion
pinkie moves toward the forearm
Force Production in Muscles
Muscles must produce force across a joint in order to cause the joint to rotate.
This rotation at the joint is what causes a movement.
Turning force=Moment or Torque
Tissue Properties of Muscle
Irritability
Contractibility
Distensibility
Elasticity
Irritability
responds to stimulation by a chemical neurotransmitter (ACh)
Contractibility
ability to shorten (50-70%) usually limited by joint range of motion
Distensibility
ability to stretch or lengthen corresponds to stretching of the perimysium, epimysium, and fascia
Elasticity
ability to return to normal state (after lengthening)
Active contractile component develops force
Dependent on neural factors, mechanical factors, fiber type, muscle architecture
Muscle force transmitted through the tendon to bony insertion
Muscle force on bone creates joint torque (moment). Affected by muscle force, moment arm, and joint position
Tissue Types of the Skeletal Muscle Structure
Muscle Tissue and Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
contractile
contains active force producing elements
Connective Tissue
- elastic
- tendon (connects contractile elements to bone at proximal and distal ends)
- separates muscle into compartments
1. Epimysium
2. Perimysium
3. Endomysium
Sacromeres
Basic contractile unit of muscle
Actin and Myosin crossbridge cycling
Myofilaments
Contractile Proteins (actin & myosin) Structural Proteins
Sliding Filament Theory
- Myosin Crossbridge Attaches to Actin Filament
- Crossbridge formation contracts
- Actin and Myosin Filaments slide past each other
- Sacromere Shortens
- Force is Produced
- Repititive Process
Shortenin gof Sacromere causes…
shortening of whole muscle. occurs from both ends toward center
Contractile force produced by…
sacromere transmitted to the bone. produces joint motion
Force development within the muscles. Length tension Relationship
- cross-bridge relationship
- contractile and elastic elements
- inverted U
concentric
total muscle length decreases under tension
F > R
muscle develops enough force to overcome resistance
joint angle changes in direction of the applied force
eccentric
total muscle length increases under tension
R > F
joint angle changes in the direction of the resistance or external force
used to control movement with gravity or resistance
isometric
total muscle length stays the same under tension
R = F
isokinetic
muscle action in which the length of the muscle changes at the same speed through out the range a motion (same speed, variable resistance)
isotonic
muscle action in which the tension of the muscle remains the same throughout the entire range of motion (variable speed, same resistance)
isoinertial
muscle action in which the external load remains the same throughout
Muscles can be named by
shape size number of divisions direction of fibers location point of attachment action
Muscles can be divided into two divisions
Parallel
Pennate
Parallel
fibers arranged parallel to the length of the muscle. Built for range of motion
Pennate
shorter fibers arranged obliquely to the tendons (like a feather). Built for force production
Parallel: Flat Muscles
thin and broad. speed force over large area
rectus abdominus
external oblique
Parallel: Fusiform Muscles
spindle shaped with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end
brachialis
brachioradialis
Parallel: Strap Muscles
uniform in diameter with almost all fibers arranged in a long parallel manner
sartorius
Parallel: Radiate Muscles
triangular fan shaped, combination of flat and fusiform
pectorals major
trapezius
Parallel: Sphincter
circular muscles that surround openings
orbicularis oris
Pennate: Unipennate
run obliquely from a tendon on one side only
biceps femoris
extensor digitorum longus
tibilais posterior
Pennate: Bipennate
run obliquely on both sides from a central tendon
rectus femoris
flexor hallicus longus
Multipennate
several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them
deltoid
