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Test One Flashcards

Ecology, Pop Eco, Comm Eco, Ecosystems

1
Q

Ecology

A

the study of interactions between organisms and the environment
Ecology integrates all areas of bological research and informs environmental decision making

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2
Q

Organismal ecology

A

how an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment

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3
Q

population ecology

A

analyzes factors that affect pop size and how and why it changes through time, same species

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4
Q

community ecology

A

examines how interactions between species affect community structure and organization

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5
Q

landscape ecology

A

focuses on the factors controling exhchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple landscapes

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6
Q

global ecology

A

examines how the regional exchange of materials and energy influences the functioning and dirstribution of organisms across the biosphere

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7
Q

biosphere

A

global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscapes

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8
Q

evolutionary time

A

the process of natural selection over many generations

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9
Q

ecological time

A

minute to minute interactions between organisms and the environment. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals that leads to evolution occurs in ecological time

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10
Q

biogeography

A

the study of the past and present distribution of species, in the concept of evolutionary theory

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11
Q

biotic factors

A

all the organisms that are part of the individual’s environment

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12
Q

abiotic factors

A

all the chemical and physical factors that influence the distribution and abundance of organisms.

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13
Q

dispersal

A

the movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high pop density

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14
Q

natural range expansion

A

clearly shows the influence of dispersal on distribution

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15
Q

species transplant

A

used to determine if dispersal is a key factor limiting distribution. can be intentional or accidental.

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16
Q

behavior and habitat selection

A

when individuals seem to avoid certain habitats, even when habitats are suitable, the organism’s distribution may be limited by habitat selection behavior

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17
Q

biotic factors

A

see notes

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18
Q

Abiotic factors

A

temp, water, salinity, sunlight, soil

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19
Q

temperature

A

most animals live in a specific range of temps. temps outside the range force animals to use energy to regulate their internal temps

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20
Q

rocks and soil

A

pH, mineral compisiton and physical structure

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21
Q

climate

A

long term, prevailing weather conditins in a particular area

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22
Q

macroclimate

A

patterns on the global, regional, and local level

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23
Q

microclimate

A

very fine patterns, like under a log. features that cast shade can influence microclimate

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24
Q

Long term climate change

A

if researchers can determine the climatic limits of current geographic distributions for organisms, they can make predictions about how distributions will change with climate warming. w/o human assistance, species may have smaller ranges and may become extinct

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25
biomes
major terrestrial or aquatic life zones. aquatic biomes are the largest part of biosphere and found everywhere
26
marine biome
average 3% salt, make up the largest biome, 75% of earths surface
27
stratification of aquatic biomes
layers
28
photic zone
upper layer, where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis
29
aphotic zone
lower layer, little light penetrates
30
benthic zone
at the bottom of all aquatic biomes, made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments
31
benthos
communities of organisms that live in the benthic zone
32
detritus
benthic species source of food, dead organic matter that rains down from the photic zone
33
abyssal zone
part of the benthic zone that lies 2,000-6,000 m below surface
34
thermocline
a narrow layer of abrupt temp change separates the more uniformly warm layer from the more uniformly cold deeper waters
35
turnover
brings 0 water from the lakes surface to the bottom and nutrient rich water from the bottom surface to the top. happens in spring and fall. results in changing temp profiles in lake
36
population ecology
the study of populations in relation to their environment
37
population
a group of individuals of a single species
38
density
the number of individuals per unit area or volume
39
dispersion
the pattern of spacing among individuals with in the boundaries of the population
40
mark recapture method
ecologists capture 1 set of a pop and mark them. they return later and sample another random sent, count those already marked, p117. see equation in notes
41
immigration
the influx of new individuals from other areas, this and birth add to a pop
42
emigration
the movement of individuals out of a pop, this and death subtract from a pop
43
patterns or dispersal
clumped, uniform, random
44
clumped
most common, associated with mating behavior, clump where resources are abundant
45
uniform
evenly spaced, territoriality
46
random
position of each individual is independent of other individuals
47
demography
the study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time
48
life tables
age specific summaries of the survival patter of a pop
49
cohort
a group of individuals of the same age, from birth to death
50
survivorship curves
a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age
51
reproductive rates
ignore males and study females because they produce offspring
52
reproductin table (fertility schedule)
an age specific summare of the reproductive rates in a pop
53
life history
traits that affect an organism's shedule of reproduction and survival. has 3 variables: when repro begins, how often the organism reproduces, and how many offspring
54
semelparity (big bang reproduction)
"one shot" pattern, salmon
55
iteroparity
repeated reproduction
56
zero population growth
occurs when the per capita birth and death rate are = (r=0) dN/dt=rN
57
exponential growth rate
population growth under ideal conditions. dN/dt=rmaxN
58
carrying capacity (k)
the max pop size that a particular environment can sustain
59
Logistic growth model
the per capita rate of increase approaches 0 as the carrying capacity is reached dN/dt=rmaxN(k-N)/k when N=k, the population stops growing s shaped curve
60
allee effect
individuals may have more difficult time surviving or reproducing if the pop is too small
61
k-selection
density dependent, mammals | based on carrying capacity
62
r-selestion
density independent, fish | based on rmax
63
density dependent
death rate that rises as pop density rises
64
density independent
birth rate or death rate that does not change with pop density
65
competition for resources
high pop density intensifies competition for declining nutrients and other resources, resulting in lower birth rate
66
territoriality
territory space becomes the resource for which individuals compete. the presence of surplus, nonbreeding individuals is a good indication that territoriality is restriction pop growth.
67
disease
depends on crowding, diseases impact maybe be density dependent
68
predation
as prey pop builds up, predators may feed preferntially on that species, consuming a higher % of individuals
69
intrinsic factors
physiological
70
population dynamics
focuses on the complex interaction between biotic and abiotic factos that cause variation in the size of a pop
71
stability and fluctuation
weather
72
metapopulation
immigration and emigration also influence pop, particularly when a number of local populations are linked
73
estimates on earths human k
10-15 billion
74
wetlands
A habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil Have high organic production and decomposition and have low dissolved oxygen Can develop in shallow basins, along flooded river banks, or on the coasts of large lakes and seas Plants include lilies, cattails, sedges, tamarack, and black spruce Wetlands are home to diverse invertebrates and birds, as well as otters, frogs, and alligators Humans have destroyed up to 90% of wetlands; wetlands purify water and reduce flooding
75
streams and rivers
The most prominent physical characteristic of streams and rivers is current Headwaters are generally cold, clear, turbulent, swift, and oxygen rich; they are often narrow and rocky Downstream waters form rivers and are generally warmer, more turbid, and more oxygenated; they are often wide, meandering, and have silty bottoms
76
estuaries
A transition area between river and sea Salinity varies with the rise and fall of the tides Are nutrient rich and highly productive Include a complex network of tidal channels, islands, natural levees, and mudflats Saltmarsh grasses and algae are the major producers An abundant supply of food attracts marine invertebrates, fish, waterfowl, and marine mammals Humans consume oysters, crabs, and fish Human interference upstream has disrupted estuaries worldwide
77
intertidal zones
Periodically submerged and exposed by the tides Intertidal organisms are challenged by variations in temperature and salinity and by the mechanical forces of wave action Oxygen and nutrient levels are high Substrate varies from rocky to sandy Sandy zones support sea grass and algae; rocky zones support attached marine algae In rocky zones, many animals have structural adaptation for attaching to the hard substrate In sandy zones worms, clams, and crustaceans bury themselves in sand Other animals include sponges, sea anemones, echinoderms, and small fishes Oil pollution has disrupted many intertidal areas
78
oceanic pelagic zone
The oceanic pelagic biome is constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents Oxygen levels are high Turnover in temperate oceans renews nutrients in the photic zones; year-round stratification in tropical oceans leads to lower nutrient concentrations This biome covers approximately 70% of Earth’s surface Phytoplankton and zooplankton are the dominant organisms in this biome; also found are free-swimming animals Zooplankton includes protists, worms, copepods, krill, jellies, and invertebrate larvae Other animals include squids, fishes, sea turtles, and marine mammals Overfishing has depleted fish stocks Humans have polluted oceans with dumping of waste
79
coral reefs
Coral reefs are formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals (cnidarians) Shallow reef-building corals lie in the photic zone in clear water about 20–30C; deep sea corals live at 200–1,500 m Corals require high oxygen and a solid substrate for attachment A coral reef progresses from a fringing reef, to a barrier reef, then a coral atoll
80
marine benthic zone
Consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal, or neritic, zone and the offshore pelagic zone Organisms in the very deep benthic (abyssal) zone are adapted to continuous cold and extremely high water pressure Substrate is mainly soft sediments; some areas are rocky Shallow areas contain seaweeds and filamentous algae Deep-sea hydrothermal vents of volcanic origin on mid-oceanic ridges are surrounded by unique chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, as well as echinoderms and arthropods Neritic benthic communities include invertebrates and fishes Overfishing and dumping of waste have depleted fish populations
81
littoral zone
the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore in a lake.
82
limnetic
the well-lit, open surface waters far from shore in lake.
83
pelagic zone
the open-water component of aquatic biomes. It is made up of both photic and aphotic zones.
84
intertidal zone
the shallow zone of the ocean adjacent to land and between the high- and low-tide lines.
85
neritic zone
the shallow region of the ocean overlying the continental shelf.
86
oceanic zone
Most of the ocean’s waters far from shore

Biology 121 (3 decks)

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