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Biology 121 > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

Ecology, Pop Eco, Comm Eco, Ecosystems

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1
Q

Ecology

A

the study of interactions between organisms and the environment
Ecology integrates all areas of bological research and informs environmental decision making

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2
Q

Organismal ecology

A

how an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment

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3
Q

population ecology

A

analyzes factors that affect pop size and how and why it changes through time, same species

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4
Q

community ecology

A

examines how interactions between species affect community structure and organization

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5
Q

landscape ecology

A

focuses on the factors controling exhchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple landscapes

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6
Q

global ecology

A

examines how the regional exchange of materials and energy influences the functioning and dirstribution of organisms across the biosphere

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7
Q

biosphere

A

global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscapes

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8
Q

evolutionary time

A

the process of natural selection over many generations

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9
Q

ecological time

A

minute to minute interactions between organisms and the environment. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals that leads to evolution occurs in ecological time

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10
Q

biogeography

A

the study of the past and present distribution of species, in the concept of evolutionary theory

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11
Q

biotic factors

A

all the organisms that are part of the individual’s environment

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12
Q

abiotic factors

A

all the chemical and physical factors that influence the distribution and abundance of organisms.

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13
Q

dispersal

A

the movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high pop density

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14
Q

natural range expansion

A

clearly shows the influence of dispersal on distribution

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15
Q

species transplant

A

used to determine if dispersal is a key factor limiting distribution. can be intentional or accidental.

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16
Q

behavior and habitat selection

A

when individuals seem to avoid certain habitats, even when habitats are suitable, the organism’s distribution may be limited by habitat selection behavior

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17
Q

biotic factors

A

see notes

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18
Q

Abiotic factors

A

temp, water, salinity, sunlight, soil

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19
Q

temperature

A

most animals live in a specific range of temps. temps outside the range force animals to use energy to regulate their internal temps

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20
Q

rocks and soil

A

pH, mineral compisiton and physical structure

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21
Q

climate

A

long term, prevailing weather conditins in a particular area

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22
Q

macroclimate

A

patterns on the global, regional, and local level

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23
Q

microclimate

A

very fine patterns, like under a log. features that cast shade can influence microclimate

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24
Q

Long term climate change

A

if researchers can determine the climatic limits of current geographic distributions for organisms, they can make predictions about how distributions will change with climate warming. w/o human assistance, species may have smaller ranges and may become extinct

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25
Q

biomes

A

major terrestrial or aquatic life zones. aquatic biomes are the largest part of biosphere and found everywhere

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26
Q

marine biome

A

average 3% salt, make up the largest biome, 75% of earths surface

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27
Q

stratification of aquatic biomes

A

layers

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28
Q

photic zone

A

upper layer, where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis

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29
Q

aphotic zone

A

lower layer, little light penetrates

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30
Q

benthic zone

A

at the bottom of all aquatic biomes, made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments

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31
Q

benthos

A

communities of organisms that live in the benthic zone

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32
Q

detritus

A

benthic species source of food, dead organic matter that rains down from the photic zone

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33
Q

abyssal zone

A

part of the benthic zone that lies 2,000-6,000 m below surface

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34
Q

thermocline

A

a narrow layer of abrupt temp change separates the more uniformly warm layer from the more uniformly cold deeper waters

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35
Q

turnover

A

brings 0 water from the lakes surface to the bottom and nutrient rich water from the bottom surface to the top. happens in spring and fall. results in changing temp profiles in lake

36
Q

population ecology

A

the study of populations in relation to their environment

37
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of a single species

38
Q

density

A

the number of individuals per unit area or volume

39
Q

dispersion

A

the pattern of spacing among individuals with in the boundaries of the population

40
Q

mark recapture method

A

ecologists capture 1 set of a pop and mark them. they return later and sample another random sent, count those already marked, p117. see equation in notes

41
Q

immigration

A

the influx of new individuals from other areas, this and birth add to a pop

42
Q

emigration

A

the movement of individuals out of a pop, this and death subtract from a pop

43
Q

patterns or dispersal

A

clumped, uniform, random

44
Q

clumped

A

most common, associated with mating behavior, clump where resources are abundant

45
Q

uniform

A

evenly spaced, territoriality

46
Q

random

A

position of each individual is independent of other individuals

47
Q

demography

A

the study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time

48
Q

life tables

A

age specific summaries of the survival patter of a pop

49
Q

cohort

A

a group of individuals of the same age, from birth to death

50
Q

survivorship curves

A

a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

51
Q

reproductive rates

A

ignore males and study females because they produce offspring

52
Q

reproductin table (fertility schedule)

A

an age specific summare of the reproductive rates in a pop

53
Q

life history

A

traits that affect an organism’s shedule of reproduction and survival. has 3 variables: when repro begins, how often the organism reproduces, and how many offspring

54
Q

semelparity (big bang reproduction)

A

“one shot” pattern, salmon

55
Q

iteroparity

A

repeated reproduction

56
Q

zero population growth

A

occurs when the per capita birth and death rate are = (r=0)

dN/dt=rN

57
Q

exponential growth rate

A

population growth under ideal conditions.

dN/dt=rmaxN

58
Q

carrying capacity (k)

A

the max pop size that a particular environment can sustain

59
Q

Logistic growth model

A

the per capita rate of increase approaches 0 as the carrying capacity is reached

dN/dt=rmaxN(k-N)/k

when N=k, the population stops growing

s shaped curve

60
Q

allee effect

A

individuals may have more difficult time surviving or reproducing if the pop is too small

61
Q

k-selection

A

density dependent, mammals

based on carrying capacity

62
Q

r-selestion

A

density independent, fish

based on rmax

63
Q

density dependent

A

death rate that rises as pop density rises

64
Q

density independent

A

birth rate or death rate that does not change with pop density

65
Q

competition for resources

A

high pop density intensifies competition for declining nutrients and other resources, resulting in lower birth rate

66
Q

territoriality

A

territory space becomes the resource for which individuals compete. the presence of surplus, nonbreeding individuals is a good indication that territoriality is restriction pop growth.

67
Q

disease

A

depends on crowding, diseases impact maybe be density dependent

68
Q

predation

A

as prey pop builds up, predators may feed preferntially on that species, consuming a higher % of individuals

69
Q

intrinsic factors

A

physiological

70
Q

population dynamics

A

focuses on the complex interaction between biotic and abiotic factos that cause variation in the size of a pop

71
Q

stability and fluctuation

A

weather

72
Q

metapopulation

A

immigration and emigration also influence pop, particularly when a number of local populations are linked

73
Q

estimates on earths human k

A

10-15 billion

74
Q

wetlands

A

A habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil

Have high organic production and decomposition and have low dissolved oxygen

Can develop in shallow basins, along flooded river banks, or on the coasts of large lakes and seas
Plants include lilies, cattails, sedges, tamarack, and black spruce

Wetlands are home to diverse invertebrates and birds, as well as otters, frogs, and alligators

Humans have destroyed up to 90% of wetlands; wetlands purify water and reduce flooding

75
Q

streams and rivers

A

The most prominent physical characteristic of streams and rivers is current

Headwaters are generally cold, clear, turbulent, swift, and oxygen rich; they are often narrow and rocky

Downstream waters form rivers and are generally warmer, more turbid, and more oxygenated; they are often wide, meandering, and have silty bottoms

76
Q

estuaries

A

A transition area between river and sea
Salinity varies with the rise and fall of the tides
Are nutrient rich and highly productive
Include a complex network of tidal channels, islands, natural levees, and mudflats
Saltmarsh grasses and algae are the major producers

An abundant supply of food attracts marine invertebrates, fish, waterfowl, and marine mammals

Humans consume oysters, crabs, and fish

Human interference upstream has disrupted estuaries worldwide

77
Q

intertidal zones

A

Periodically submerged and exposed by the tides

Intertidal organisms are challenged by variations in temperature and salinity and by the mechanical forces of wave action

Oxygen and nutrient levels are high

Substrate varies from rocky to sandy
Sandy zones support sea grass and algae; rocky zones support attached marine algae

In rocky zones, many animals have structural adaptation for attaching to the hard substrate

In sandy zones worms, clams, and crustaceans bury themselves in sand

Other animals include sponges, sea anemones, echinoderms, and small fishes

Oil pollution has disrupted many intertidal areas

78
Q

oceanic pelagic zone

A

The oceanic pelagic biome is constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents

Oxygen levels are high

Turnover in temperate oceans renews nutrients in the photic zones; year-round stratification in tropical oceans leads to lower nutrient concentrations

This biome covers approximately 70% of Earth’s surface

Phytoplankton and zooplankton are the dominant organisms in this biome; also found are free-swimming animals

Zooplankton includes protists, worms, copepods, krill, jellies, and invertebrate larvae

Other animals include squids, fishes, sea turtles, and marine mammals

Overfishing has depleted fish stocks

Humans have polluted oceans with dumping of waste

79
Q

coral reefs

A

Coral reefs are formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals (cnidarians)

Shallow reef-building corals lie in the photic zone in clear water about 20–30C; deep sea corals live at 200–1,500 m

Corals require high oxygen and a solid substrate for attachment

A coral reef progresses from a fringing reef, to a barrier reef, then a coral atoll

80
Q

marine benthic zone

A

Consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal, or neritic, zone and the offshore pelagic zone

Organisms in the very deep benthic (abyssal) zone are adapted to continuous cold and extremely high water pressure

Substrate is mainly soft sediments; some areas are rocky
Shallow areas contain seaweeds and filamentous algae
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents of volcanic origin on mid-oceanic ridges are surrounded by unique chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, as well as echinoderms and arthropods
Neritic benthic communities include invertebrates and fishes
Overfishing and dumping of waste have depleted fish populations

81
Q

littoral zone

A

the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore in a lake.

82
Q

limnetic

A

the well-lit, open surface waters far from shore in lake.

83
Q

pelagic zone

A

the open-water component of aquatic biomes. It is made up of both photic and aphotic zones.

84
Q

intertidal zone

A

the shallow zone of the ocean adjacent to land and between the high- and low-tide lines.

85
Q

neritic zone

A

the shallow region of the ocean overlying the continental shelf.

86
Q

oceanic zone

A

Most of the ocean’s waters far from shore

Biology 121 (3 decks)

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