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Biology 121 > Ch 12 The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Ch 12 The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genome

A

all DNA in a cell constitutes the cell’s genome

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2
Q

prokaryotic genome

A

a single circular DNA molucule

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3
Q

eukaryotic genome

A

often made up of a number of DNA molecules forming different chromosomes of different sizes

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4
Q

chromosomes

A

DNA and its assocaited protiens

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5
Q

the bacterial chromosome

A

a double stranded, circular DNA molecule associated with a small amount of protiens

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6
Q

eukaryotic chrmosomes

A

have linear DNA molecules associated with a large amount of protiens

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7
Q

bacterial cell division by binary fission

A

in a bacterium, the DNA is “super coiled” double stranded, circular molecule and found in a region of the cell called the nucleoid

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8
Q

somatic cells (non reproductive)

A

have 2 sets of chromosomes (diploid)

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9
Q

gametes (reproductive, sperm and eggs)

A

have half as many chromosomes (haploid) as somatic cells

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10
Q

chromatin

A

a complex DNA and protein, and is found in the nucleus of eukarotic cells. condenses during cell divison

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11
Q

histones

A

protiens responsible for the first lever of DNA packing in chromosomes.
has 100 amino acids
total mass=mass of DNA
one fifth positively charged, lysine or arginine, bind to negatively charged DNA

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12
Q

Nucleosome

A

consists of DNA wound twice around a protein core and composed of 2 of each of the 4 main histone protiens

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13
Q

main histone protiens

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

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14
Q

chromatin

A

eukaryotic chromosomes consits of chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell divison

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15
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely packed chromatin in interphase

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16
Q

heterochromatin

A

during interphase, a few regions of chromatin (centromeres and telomeres) are highly condensed into heterochromatin.

the dense packing makes it difficult for the cell to express genetic info coded in these regions

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17
Q

chromosomal structures in eukaryotic cells

A

in prep for cell division, DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense

each chromosome is duplicated into 2 sister chormatids initailly attached all along their lengths by protein complexes called cohesins

later in the cell division process, the 2 sister chromatids separate and move into 2 new nuclei.

the centromeres are the narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome, where the 2 chromatids are most closely attached

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18
Q

chromosomal structures and duplication in eukaryotic cells

A

before each duplication, each chromosome has a double stranded DNA molecule

once duplicated, a chromsome consists of 2 sister chromatids. each contains a single double stranded DNA molecule

after cell division, each sister chromatid is separated into daughter cells

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19
Q

mitosis

A

the cell division of the nucleus of eukaryotic cells followed immediately by cytokinesis

the mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle

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20
Q

Phases of the cell cycle consist of

A

interphase, mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis

21
Q

Interphase

A

cell growth and copying of chromosomes in prepatain for cell division. accounts for 90% of time in the cell cycle.

  • G1-first gap
  • S phase- synthesis, chromosomes are duplicated
  • G2- second gap
22
Q

mitotic (M) phase

A

the divison of the nucleus

23
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm

24
Q

5 phases of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphanse, and telophase. cytokinesis is well underway by late telophase

25
Q

motosis in protists, diatoms, and yeast vs eukaryotic cells

A

the nuclear envelope remains intact, microtubules form a spindle with in the nucleus and separate the chromosomes, and the nucleus splits into 2 daughter cells.

in eukryotes, the spindle forms outside the nucleus, and the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis. microtubules separate the chromosome.

26
Q

nitotic soindle

A

an apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosme movement during mitosis

27
Q

centrosome

A

the microtubule organizing center

28
Q

aster

A

radial array of chort microtubules, extends from each centrosome

29
Q

spindle

A

includes the centrosome, the spindle, microtubules, and the asters

30
Q

kinetochore

A

a structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
During prometaphase, some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes and begin to make the chromosomes.

31
Q

metaphase plate

A

at metaohase, the chromosomes are all lined up at the metaphase plate, the midway pt between the spindles 2 pairs

32
Q

depolymerization of microtubules

A

in anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move along kinotechore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell.
the microtubules shorten by depolymerzizing at their kinotochore ends.
non kinetochore microtubules from opp poles overlap and puch against each other, elongating the cell.
in telophase, genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opp ends of the cell.

33
Q

cytokineses in animal cells

A

the division of the cytoplasm. in animal cells, cytokinese occors by forming a contractile ring of actin microfilamint and protein myosin. the actin microfilament interact with the myosin molecules, causing the ring to contract to form a cleavage furrow.

34
Q

cytokineses in plant cells

A

a cell plate forms by the depositoin of vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus moving along microtubules to the middle of the cell

35
Q

the cell cycle control system

A

the cell cycle control syster is regulated by both internal and external controls: cell signaling molecules cyclin protein and cyclin dependent kinases.
the cell cycle has specific checkpoints where it stops until a go ahead signal is recieved.

36
Q

G0 phase

A

a phase of a cell that exited the cell cycle and switched to a nondividing state

37
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

seams to be the most important.
if the cell recieves a go ahead signal from the G1 checkpoiint, it will usually complete the S, G2, and M phase, and divide.

if not, exit the cell cycle and switch to nondividing state-G0

38
Q

cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (cdks)

A

2 types of regulatory proteins in the cell cycle.

activity fluctuates during cell cycle.

39
Q

MPF (maturation promoting factors)

A

cyclin cdk complex that triggers a cells passage past the G2 scheckpoint into the M phase

40
Q

internal signal ex

A

kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubles send a molecular signal that delays anaphase

41
Q

external signal

A

some external signals are growth factors, protiens realeased by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide.
ex: platelet derived growth factors (pdgf) stimulates one divison of human fibrolast cells in a culture

42
Q

density depecndent inhibition

A

external signal, cwoded cells stop dividing

43
Q

anchorage dependent

A

animal cells, cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

44
Q

diff between cancer cells and normal cells

A

cancer cells grow beyond a single layer, forming a clump of overlapping cells. dont exhibit density dependent inhibition or anchorage dependent of growth

45
Q

loss of cell cycle controls in cancer cells

A

cancer cells may bot need growth factors to grow and divide:
the may make their own growth factor
they may convey a growth factor’s signal with out th presence of the growth factor
the may have an abnormal cell cycle control system

46
Q

transformation

A

a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell

47
Q

benign tumor

A

abnormal cells remain in original site

48
Q

malignant

A

invase surrounding tissues.

49
Q

metastasize

A

exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors

Biology 121 (3 decks)

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