TEST on Module 1 and 2 Flashcards
What makes the social sciences scientific?
The scientific method is used to the study human society which is why social sciences were considered scientific ever since the 18th century Enlightenment
Define Archaeology
the study of material remains of past ways of life
Define Ethnology
the study of the behavior of different groups of people, big or small
Define Ethnography
the study of a particular society at a particular time
Define Linguistics
the study of language
Define Anthropology
(3 points)
the study of people, the commonalities that make us al human, and the extraordinary forms in which that shared humanity can be expressed
Define Physical Anthropology
the study of evolution and physical variation
Define Cultural Anthropology
the study of human culture and its development
Why is Linguistics, or language, so important?
the handing down of information, stories, and traditions from generation to generation, whether written or spoken, is impossible without communication
Archaeology is the relationship between material _____
objects made by past people and the maker’s behavior
An Archaeologists deep analysis of who made and used the artifact creates a bridge between ______
human ways of survival and material remains
What are the 2 goals of Archaeology?
- obtain a chronology of the past
- contributes to charting individual sequences of culture change
- allows comparisons among culture histories in different parts of the world
- to learn why human culture has changed over time
Why is the anthropological attitude of trying to understand humanity important today?
calls for changes and appeals to tradition are growing louder
____ research is interdisciplinary as well as cross-cultural
anthropological
Define Interdisciplinary
relating to more than one branch of knowledge
- used to document how and why people constrict their society in a certain way
Define Cross-Cultural
a concept that recognizes different cultures and the importance of making connections between them
Anthropology is also known as the study of “otherness”
List 3 reasons why
- careful accumulation and comparison of ethnographic data
- concerns to understand other ways
- critical reflection on the nature of one’s own culture
Define The Holistic Approach
a multi-faceted approach to the study of human beings and EXPERIENCE
Define Geography
List all 5 points
the study of where things are in the world, why they are there, how they are related to the location of other features, space, and place
Geography is considered ___ science
spatial
Why is Geography important?
we can anticipate future development and PLAN for them
Define Economics
List all 8 points
the study of how people choose to use their resources, labor, land, money, investment, income, production, taxes
What are some examples of Resources? (Economics)
time, land, tools, the knowledge of how to combine them to create useful products and services
What are some decisions people make that are of particular interest to economists?
How many dollars to spend, how many to save?
People usually use their resources to improve their _____
well-being
What are some examples of Well-Being
satisfaction from products, time spent in luxury with family, security provided by the gov
Economists seek to measure __a_, learn how __b__, and to evaluate __c__
a. well-being
b. well-being may INCREASE
c. the well-being of the rich and the poor
Economists addresses the collective behavior of ____
business, industries, governments, countries, THE GLOBE
Define Political Science
the study of governments, public polices, political processes, systems, political behavior
What is politics at its most basic level?
The struggle of who gets what, when, and how
Why do political scientists study the struggle of who gets what when and how?
to develop general theories about the way the world of politics work
Define Sociology
the study of social life, social change, social causes, consequences of human behavior, structure of groups, AND HOW PEOPLE INTERACT IN SOCIETIES
What is one word that can summarize Sociology?
Groups
Define History
the study of ALL human experience
History offers __a___
and offers ____b__
a. a storehouse of information about how people and societies behaved
b. the only evidential base for the analysis of how societies function
Why do people care about how societies functioned in the past?
People need to have this knowledge in order to run their own lives!
The past causes the _____
present, so the future
Why do we study history?
To understand HOW things change, _______
WHAT factors has changed, and understand why therefore prevent a bad event from happening again
What are the “aesthetic grounds” for studying history?
History as art and entertainment serves on aesthetic grounds and ON THE LEVEL OF HUMAN UNDERSTANDING
Why do symbols represent the outer layer of culture?
Symbols can EASILY be developed, changed, disappear, and be used by another culture
Culture is behavior through social learning or _____
Cultivated Behavior `
What role do heroes play in a culture?
Model for behavior
The essential core of culture consists of ____
traditional ideas and attached values
Why are values so hard to study?
Many values remain unconscious to those who hold them therefore cannot be discussed or observed
Define Cultural Relativism
the anthropological attitude that a society’s ideas should be understood in the context of that societies problems
Tendency toward negative evaluation of a culture results from ______
(Cultural Relativism)
Ethnocentrism
Tendency toward positive evaluation of a culture takes the form of _____
(Cultural Relativism)
a naive yearning for the simple life of a Noble Savage
Define Noble Savage
Someone from a primitive culture that is supposedly corrupted by contact with society
A noble savage is real!
True or False
False, The Noble Savage is thought to be a MYTH that is outdated and wrong and RACIST
Why is the Noble Savage considered racist
believing that people in primitive cultures lived in harmony with nature and with each, viewed as “naturally good” is racist.
Define ethnocentrism
the evaluation of other cultures based on one’s own which causes misunderstanding and distortion in communication between human beings
What are the three general sources of influence or pressure that facilitates or hinder change?
- Forces at work within a society
- Contact between societies
- Changes in the natural environment
Processes leading to change include ___
(2)
Inventions and Culture Loss
List examples of Technological inventions
new tools, energy sources, transportation methods
List examples of Ideological Inventions
algebra, creation of a representative parliament
Define Culture Loss
old patterns being replaced by new ones
Define Cultural Diffusion
The movement of things and ideas from one culture to another
The form of trait moves, not the original culture meaning
Define Acculturation
What happens to an entire culture when alien traits diffuse in on a large scale and substantially replace traditional culture patterns
Define Transculturation
What happens when an individual moves to another society and adopts its culture
What happens to an immigrant when they are “assimilated”
They have successfully learned the language and accepted that culture’s patterns and ideas
What results from Ethnocentrism?
People think of all alien ideas as immoral therefore rejects them
Define stimulus diffusion
A genuine invention that is sparked by an idea from another culture
Processes leading to change BETWEEN SOCIETIES
- diffusion
- acculturation
- transculturation
Processes leading to change within and between a society
STIMULUS DIFFUSION
Processes resulting in RESISTANCE to change within a society
- habit
- integration of existing culture ideas
Processes resulting in resistance to change between societies
ingroup-outgroup dynamics
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
Tells us about events as they occur
History
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
Democracy, legislature, monarchy, and dictatorship
Political Science
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
To learn the “What is and how it came to be of human relationships”
Sociology
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
The Inuit of North America live in a very cold climate
Geography
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
The search for the necessities of life
Economics
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
Improving the standard of living for the people
Economics
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
To secure rights, one must also have responsibilities
Political Science
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
Today there are no pure races
Anthropology
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
A study of our natural surroundings and environment
Geography
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
The different ways of people have lived in the past and present
Anthropology
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
A comparison of regions
Geography
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
A comparison of religions
Anthropology
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
The past tends to influence the present
History
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
River valleys have high population densities
Geography
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
Freedom has its limitations
Political Science
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
The study of the physical characteristics of race
Anthropology
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
The recent fluctuations of the stock market
Economics
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
The President’s actions have caused quite a stir on Capitol Hill
Political Science
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
The mating rituals among the Wodaabe people of Niger
Anthropology
Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, Sociology
Crime, divorce, poverty, and the dynamics between races
Sociology
I am fascinated by the ways people use their resources. I am interested in how societies provide the largest amount of goods and services to all people. Who am I?
Economist
I spend a lot of time doing research in libraries and archives. I am always looking for new records of what has happened to people. Who am I?
Historian
I like to look at the ways people live. Sometimes I go to a different country and live among the people to experience their lifestyle firsthand. Who am I?
Anthropologist
I have to spend much time analyzing the results of courts decision. Power is also an important subject of mine. Who has it and who wants it are the among the questions I ask. Who am I?
Political Scientist
The relationships between people and groups of people dominate my interest. Family, religious, and ethnic relations are studied with careful observation and statistical analysis. Who am I?
Sociologist
The environment and climate are two of the aspects of my discipline. I attempt to define a place by its location and character. Who am I?
Geographer
What tools of globalization did the terrorists use to attack?
Internet - to broadcast their news
Airplanes - hijacked and drove it straight into the twin towers
Define Interdependence
two or more things relying on each other
Define Non-zero sum
a game where both people can win and both people can lose
What does Wright suggest is one way to protect economic interdependence?
Expanding governance
- Keeping vast trade routes secure
- Forming non-state related strong groups that can maintain control
How might globalization affect the appeal of radical Islam?
Dampening it
What does Wright suggest in the third variable in the age old struggle between liberty and security?
Antipathy
Define Liberalism
a political and economic philosophy based on the rights of an individual
What happened as a result of the Cold War?
Supporters of the US, Soviet Union, and the neutral all surrendered to a new regional relationship in which middle powers showed increase influence
Define Middle Powers
Countries with significant economic influence to their neighbors or broader trade network that became increasingly assertive
Middle Power of Europe
France and Germany
Middle Power of South America
Brazil
Middle Powers of Africa
Nigeria, South Africa
Middle Powers of Asia
China, India, Japan
What was often at the heart of the civil wars?
Rivalries between ethnic groups
Which countries are the acknowledged nuclear power?
China, India, Pakistan, France, United Kingdom, Russia, United States
Which country is assumed to posses a nuclear arsenal?
Israel
Define militants
Aggressive and stubborn believers of religion in the Middle East and Africa that pursued their causes in the US and Europe
Who was the leader of al-Qaeda?
Osama bin Laden
Military and political vacuum left by the Soviet Union is filled by a Islamic movement called _____
The Taliban
The Taliban imposed harsh restrictions on women and provided _____
a haven for a terrorist organization called the al-Qaeda
Define Nexus
a connected group, the central most important point or place
Define Choke Point
a narrow route providing passage through or to another region
The Indian Ocean flows into two of the greatest choke points, _____ and ______
the Red Sea and the Strait of Malacca
What has contributed to the explosion of Indian Ocean commerce
MUTUAL NEEDS
What does CHIMEA stand for
China, India, the Middle East, Africa
What has contributed to the rising number of transnational corporation from developing countries?
the acceleration of economic growth in China and India + the surge in energy prices that followed the onset of the Iraq war
Where have the Arab countries been making their investments?
Asia, especially into predominately Muslim countries
Arab capital is invested in ____
(4)
- development of banks
- mobile telephony
- property
- energy sector
China’s commitment is dwarfed by that of India’s
True or False
False
What has contributed to Africa’s new growth and why?
the mobile phone industry because it helps small farmers and have cut the need for costly time -consuming travel
What are several constraints on Africa’s growth?
(4)
- HIV plague
- poor governance
- lack of education
- climate change
Commercial highways can easily become ____
battlefields
