Test Of April Flashcards
Aggression
And physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
Frustration- Agression principle
The principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression.
Social script
A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
Mere exposure effect
The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them.
Passionate love
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the start of a romantic relationship.
Two-factor theory of emotion
Emotions have two ingredients- physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal and that arousal from and source can enhance one emotion or another, depending on how we interpret and label the arousal
Companionate love
The Deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Equity
A condition,in which people receive From a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
Self- disclosure
The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others
Reward theory of attraction
We will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, including those who are both able and willing to help us achieve our goals.
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander effect.
The tendency for and given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Social exchange theory
The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim which is to maximize benefits and minimize our costs
Reciprocity norm
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Social responsibility norm
An expectation that people will help those needing their help.
Conflict
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Social traps
A situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
Mirror image perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
Self fulfilling prophecies
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Superordinate goals
Sharing goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Grit
A strategy designed to decrease international tensions, one side recognizes mutual interests and its intent to reduce tensions
Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Sigmund Freud’S psychoanalytic theory
Childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
Humanistic theories
Focus on our inner capacities for growth and development
Trait theories
Examine characteristic patterns of behavior
Social cognitive theories
Explore the interaction between people’s traits and their social context
Psychodynamic theories
Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tension
Unconscious
A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
Free association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and agressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Ego
The partly conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Superego
The partly conscious part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations
Humanistic theories
Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.
Hierarchy of needs
Maslows levels of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs. Often visualized as a pyramid, with needs nearer the base taking priority until they are satisfied
Self Actulization
One of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.
self transcendence
The striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond’s the self
Unconditional positive regard
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl rogers believed would help people develop self awareness and self acceptance
Self- concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, who am I?
Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel or act in certain ways, as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports
Factor analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of test items that tap basic components of a trait
Personality inventories
Longer questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors- assess several traits at once
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, now has many purposes
Emperically derived test
A test created by selecting from a pool of items those that discrimate between groups
Big five factors
Five traits- openness, conscientious, extroversion, agreeableness, and neutocism
Maturity principle
From adolescence onward, -do-pe become more conscientious and agreeable, less neurotic
Trait theory
See personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior. Interest in trying to describe differences rather than explaining.
Social cognitive perspective
A view of behavior by the interaction between peoples traits, including their thinking, and their social context /bandura
Behavioral approach
Focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
Social cognitive theory
Focus on how we and our environment interact
Reciprocal determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously
distorting reality.
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
The Defense Mechanisms
Regression: Retreating to an earlier
psychosexual stage, where
some psychic energy
remains fixated
- Example: Curls up with an old stuffed
animal and watches
cartoons for comfort
Reaction formation: Switching unacceptable
impulses into their opposites
- Feeling the urge to cry with
disappointment, instead
declares loudly that “Getting
cut from the soccer team
was the best thing that ever
happened to me”
Projection: Disguising one’s own
threatening impulses by
attributing them to others
- Tells everyone how mad his
parents are at the coach
Rationalization: Offering self-justifying
explanations in place of the
real, more threatening
unconscious reasons for
one’s actions
- Explains that he wasn’t
working very hard in tryouts
and could have made the
team if he’d really wanted to
Displacement: Shifting sexual or aggressive
impulses toward a more
acceptable or less
threatening object or person
- Yells at his little brother for
no reason
Sublimation: Transferring of unacceptable
impulses into socially valued
motives
- Feels an urge to go to a
practice and yell at the
coach; instead, offers to
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teach his little brother to
play soccer that day
Denial: Refusing to believe or even
perceive painful realities
- Insists there was an error on
the team list and he’s going
to set things right with the
coach
collective unconscious
Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the
extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.
terror-management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to
reminders of their impending death.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they
make up about ambiguous scenes.
projective test
a personality test, such as the TAT or Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to
trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics and explore the preconscious and unconscious mind.
Rorschach inkblot test
a projective test designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by
analyzing how they interpret 10 inkblots.
