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Health Promotion Test > Test No. 2 > Flashcards

Test No. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Leptin

A

a protein, produced in fat cells, that circulates in blood and alerts the brain that there is enough stored energy

tells you you are full

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2
Q

MS: cutoff for triglycerides

A

≥1.7mmol/L

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3
Q

Definition: Beta cells

A

detect an increase in glucose, produce insulin to facilitate glucose transport into the blood for energy

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4
Q

Definition: Intermittent Claudication

A

a classic symptom of PAD where an aching or cramping feeling occurs in the legs, calves and buttocks induced by exercise

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

How is fibrinogen detected?

A

through blood tests

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7
Q

Which has an obvious cause: secondary or essential hypertension?

A

Secondary - kidney disease, adrenal gland disorder, medication or sleep apnea

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8
Q

OSA

A

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

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9
Q

CVD: Cardio

A

F: 4-7 days/week

I: 11 - 13 on Borg - fairly light to somewhat hard

T: Progress to 20 - 60m

Ty: walking, bicycling, stair climbing, elliptical trainers, rowing machines

PROGRESS SLOWLY

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10
Q

Definition: Hyperglycemia

A

high blood sugar

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11
Q

What hormone stimulates appetite and tells you you are hungry?

A

ghrelin

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12
Q

MS: cutoff for LDLs

A

<1.0mmol/L - men

<1.3mmol/L - women

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13
Q

Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic/peripheral cirulation?

A

left

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14
Q

Function: Platelets

A

recruited as plugs to stop bleeding in wounds

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15
Q

RMR

A

Resting Metabolic Rate

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16
Q

Diabetes related comlications

ACRONYM

SLR HNN

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Stroke
  3. Liver Damage
  4. Retinopathy - eyes
  5. Neuropathy - nervous system
  6. Nephropathy - kidney disease
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17
Q

What type of substance is important in reducing inflammation?

A

antioxidants

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18
Q

What ratio of Canadians had at least one risk factor for heart disease or stroke in 2009?

A

9/10

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19
Q

Definition: Dyslipidemia

A

abnormal blood lipoprotein concentrations and is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, heart attack and stroke.

High levels of LDLs or abnormally low levels of HDLs

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20
Q

True or False: You should inject insulin into the exercising muscles.

A

False

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21
Q

Locomotor movement examples?

A

running, hopping, jumping

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22
Q

What are the risks associated with exercise and type l clients?

A
  1. Increased risk of CVD
  2. Increased risk of hypoglycemia
  3. Increased risk of dehydration
  4. Increased risk of injury to the extremeties bc of neuropathy
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23
Q

True or False: The gastric bypass surgery is reversible.

A

False.

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24
Q

How does exercise affect blood sugar?

A

it lowers it.

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25
Q

Why is there an increased risk for hyperthermia when an obese individual is exercising?

A
  1. can result from increased muscle contraction during exercise
  2. is promoted by greater amount of subcutaneous fat
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26
Q

What is associated with Essential Hypertension?

AA CHESS

A
  1. Cigarette use
  2. Excess weight
  3. Sedentary lifestyle
  4. Excess sodium
  5. Older age
  6. Excess alcohol use
  7. Heredity
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27
Q

Which test reflects on an individuals average blood glucose levels? Over what period of time?

A

A1C test. 3 months

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28
Q

What substance does adipose tissue produce?

A

adipokines

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29
Q

Definition: Hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar

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30
Q

Medications for Hypertension

ACRONYM

AABCD

A
  1. Diuretics
  2. Beta Blockers
  3. Calcium channel blockers
  4. Angiotensin ll receptor blockers
  5. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
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31
Q

Definition: Myocardial Infarction

A

heart attack - result of the formation of a thrombus or clot associated with an atherosclerotic lesion that has formed in a branch or branches of the coronary artery system

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32
Q

True or False: You should inject insulin into the exercising muscles.

A
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33
Q

Why are adiponectin levels low in obese individuals?

A

Because there is a dysfunction in the adipose cells

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34
Q

Who are 3 people who have type ll?

A

overweight, obese, older

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35
Q

How does obesity impact the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. there is a build up of fat around the heart muscle
  2. build up of plaque in the arteries and vessels can increase total peripheral resistance, which increases blood pressure and negatively affects proper circulation
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36
Q

What do ketones trigger?

A

dehydration

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37
Q

Definition: Stroke

A

results when part of the brain is deprived from oxygen due to a blockage in cerebral arteries

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38
Q

What respiratory disorder is more prevalent in obese individuals?

A

Sleep Apnea

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39
Q

How are ketones formed?

A

by the breakdown of fats

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40
Q

What are the 2 functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. ensure adequate oxygen delivery to all organ systems in the body
  2. deliver wast byproducts to excretory organs - kidneys and skin, where they can be removed
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41
Q

Definition: squamous

A

thin layer of simple cells

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42
Q

Obese Cardio: FITT

A

Frequency - 5-7 days/week - low - mod

  • 2-3 days/week - vig

Intensity: Mod - 40-60%

Time: 30-60m - low - mod

  • 20-25m - vig
  • 150m/week

Type: treadmill walking, stationary bike, depends on subsequent workout

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43
Q

Definition: Type l Diabetes

A

an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack beta cells in the pancreas

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44
Q

What organ produces insulin?

A

pancreas

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45
Q

What is another term for formed elements?

A

hematocrit

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46
Q

True or False: High levels of adiponectin are associated with lower risk of heart disease.

A

True.

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47
Q

What glucose cutoff should you have your client eat carbs at?

A

<100mg/dl

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48
Q

What are some medications for fat loss?

A

Sibutramine

Orlistat

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49
Q

Examples of adipokines?

A
  1. adiponectin
  2. leptin
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50
Q

True or False: Food restriction or increased physical activity, alone, will NOT produce significant long-term weight loss

A

True

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51
Q

What makes up the plaque in the vessel created by excess homocysteine?

A

cholesterol and platelets

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52
Q

Is sleep apnea easy or difficult to diagnose?

A

difficult

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53
Q

What are some surgeries for obesity?

A

Gastric Bypass

Gastric Lap Band

Stomach Stapling

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54
Q

Definition: c-protein

A

a protein that is created and released by the liver into the blood in response to trauma, inflammation and infection

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55
Q

True or False: FEV1 is higher in obese individuals

A

False. Significantly lower

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56
Q

Why is c-protein a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A

Although c-proteins are not a direct risk of CVD, a high level of them can indicate future risk of a heart attack. However chronic response of c-protein to inflammation can cause platelet clumping in the vessel, eventually decreasing the circumference of the vessel and leading to blood clots.

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57
Q

Definition: Obesity

A

excess adipose tissue

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58
Q

BMI Risk: Obese Class lll

A

Extremely High

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59
Q

What causes an increase in fibrinogen levels?

ACRONYM

DIBIS

A
  1. infection
  2. illness
  3. bleeding from wounds
  4. damage to blood vessels
  5. stress
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60
Q

Symptoms: Hyperglycemia

A

Hunger, frequent urination, increased thirst

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61
Q

What kind of food should you have available to type l clients?

A

carbs

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62
Q

Obesity Class l

A

30-34.9

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63
Q

MS: Level of blood sugar

A

≥ 5.6mmol/L

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64
Q

Obese Warmup: FITT

A

Frequency: Before and after every workout

Intensity: Light to moderate - match upcoming workout

Time: 5-10m

Type: treadmill walking, stationary bike - depends on subsequent workout routine as well as contraindications of the client

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65
Q

Describe the endocrine role of the pancreas. % of cells?

A

release hormones involved in blood glucose through a group of glands to their target. 1%

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66
Q

For CVD clients, should you use HR or RPE?

A

RPE

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67
Q

What can obesity cause in the “digestive” system?

A
  1. Acid reflux displacement
  2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease - GERD
  3. Fatty liver
  4. Intestinal Absorption - constipation
  5. Gallbladder - gallstones
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68
Q

BMI Risk: Obese Class ll

A

Very High

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69
Q

What are these diagrams called?

A

Flow Volume Loop

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70
Q

What are the 4 benefits of exercise for obese individuals?

A
  1. Improved cardiovascular functioning - V02max, dyspnea reduces, OSA reduces
  2. Decreased risk for type ll and MS - lowers BP, improves cholesterol, reduces fat, and improves insulin sensitivity
  3. Reduced overall discomfort - ADLs
  4. Improved mood and decreased anxiety - self esteem, self efficacy
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71
Q

What are some NON-modifiable risk factors?

A
  1. Age
  2. Sex
  3. Family History
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72
Q

What is a telltale sign of Sleep Apnea?

A

snoring

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73
Q

MS: cutoff for LDL’s

A

<1.0mmol

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74
Q

Definition: Myocardial Ischemia

A

reduced bloodflow to the myocardium

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75
Q

MS: cutoff for blood pressure

A
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76
Q

Definition: Active Transport

A

does require energy expenditure - worth it becaue the body gets a lot out of it

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77
Q

Definition: Neuropathy

A

losing sensation in the extremeties

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78
Q

Obesity Class lll

A

≥40

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79
Q

Which is more common? Secondary or Essential hypertension?

A

Essential. 90-95%

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80
Q

What other condition may sleep apnea contribute to?

A

Diabetes

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81
Q

True or False: veins have a larger lumen.

A

True.

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82
Q

Definition: venules

A

small branches of veins that carry blood towards the heart

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83
Q

Definition: FEV1

A

most amount of air you can exhale after you take a deep breath in

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84
Q

What does insulin do when energy requirements are low?

A

promote glycogenesis

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85
Q

What does hypertension increase the risk of?

A

kidney disease, peripheral vascular disease and congestive heart failure

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86
Q

What is the mmol/L cutoff for the OGT - oral glucose tolerance test?

A

≥ 11mmol/L

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87
Q

What are the two types of chronic heart failure?

A

Systolic heart failure and Diastolic heart failure

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88
Q

Why do women generally gain weight in a pear shape?

A

estrogen puts an emphasis on lower body fat distribution

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89
Q

Definition: capillaries

A

smallest vessels; site of gas and nutrient exchange

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90
Q

What are the 4 methods of diagnosing type ll and gestacional diabetes?

A
  1. Fasting Plasma Glucose Test
  2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
  3. Random Plasma Glucose Test
  4. A1C Test
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91
Q

What sorts of things can cause inflammation in the vessels?

A
  1. Chemicals - such as heavy metals - mercury and lead
  2. Dietary - such as wheat and gluten allergies
  3. Coronary heart disease
  4. cancer
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92
Q

How many Canadians suffer from MS?

A

19.1%

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93
Q

What is the mmol/L cutoff for the FPG - fasting plasma glucose test

A

≥ 7mmol/L

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94
Q

By how much does the chance of stroke increase at the onset of type ll diabetes?

A

doubles

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95
Q

What kind of stimulus would decrease glucose?

A

fast

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96
Q

BMI Risk: Obese Class l

A

High

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97
Q

EEpa

A

the thermic effect of activity

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98
Q

Which is more reliable: FPG or OGT?

A

OGT - oral glucose tolerance test

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99
Q

Benefits of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

ACRONYM

VALOR

A
  1. Increased maximal oxygen uptake
  2. Improved heart functioning and reduced angina
  3. Improved health of blood vessels
  4. Imroved blood lipid profile
  5. Improved recovery from heart attack
100
Q

What physiological factors influence BP?

ACRONYM

CHEV RV

A
  1. strength of heart contraction
  2. blood volume
  3. arterial wall elasticity and recoil
  4. blood flow resistance
  5. blood viscosity
  6. overall health
101
Q

True or False: the ghrelin hormone shuts off when leptin is being produced

A

false. they switch priority

102
Q

What hormone suppresses appetite?

A

leptin

103
Q

What are the 4 precautions to exercise in relation to cardiovascular disease?

A
  1. Side effects from medication - lowered HR or BP, blood thinners
  2. Shortness of breath - fluid in lungs could indicate congestive heart failure
  3. Chest pain and exercise induced ischemia - angina, stop immediately
  4. High BP - monitor breathing techniques
104
Q

How is c-protein detected?

A
  1. through blood tests
  2. through saliva
105
Q

Definition: GERD

A

gastroesophogeal reflux disease - one valve in the esophogus doesn’t close and creates a reflux pattern

106
Q

How does obesity impact the musculoskeletal system?

A
  1. degredation of the joints
  2. arthritis and osteoarthritis risk, more pressure reduces synovial fluid
  3. locomotion limited
107
Q

What are the symptoms of ketoacidosis?

ACRONYM

mmdd Faun

A

dry mouth

frequent urination

nausea and vomiting

abdominal pain

rapid breathing or dyspnea

fruity breath

muscle weakness

mental confusion

108
Q

True or False: There are high levels of adiponectin in obese individuals.

A

False. Low.

109
Q

CVD: Warmup

A

F: Prior and following all exercise sessions

I: <40%

T: 5-10m

Ty: treadmill walking, stationary cycle, depends on subsequent workout routine

110
Q

What are the 6 risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

ACRONYM

CHEFSS

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Stress
  3. Exercise
  4. Homocysteine
  5. C-reactive protein
  6. Fibrinogen
111
Q

PHAC

A

Public Health Agency of Canada

112
Q

What ratio of Canadians have metabolic syndrome?

A

1 in 5

113
Q

Diabetes: Resistance

A

F: 2 - 3 days/week

I: 60 - 80% of 1RM

T: 2 - 3 sets - 8 - 12 reps

Ty: 8 - 10 multijoint exercises

114
Q

What is the “hormone of energy expenditure”?

A

leptin

115
Q

2 people get type ll diabetes every HOW MANY seconds?

A

10

116
Q

Why are ghrelin levels low in obese individuals? Why is this surprising.

A

ghrelin is supposed to increase appetite, so you would think obese individuals have a lot of this. Because the levels of ghrelin are low, this indicates that something else is going on to make them continue to eat. Psychological, comfort, etc.

117
Q

What classifies as “underweight”?

A

>18

118
Q

What kind of test is required when working with CVD clients, and who should supervise said tests?

A

a stress test; physician, nurse, exercise physiologist, physical therapist and medical technician

119
Q

Describe the exocrine role of the pancrease.

A

digestive enzymes secrete substances delivering them by way of ducts, like sweat and saliva

120
Q

Diabetes: Warm Up

A

F: before and after

I: limbering movements, light stretching

T: 5 - 10 of each above

121
Q

What is the mmol/L cutoff for the random plasma glucose test?

A

≥ 11mmol/L

122
Q

What are the 3 components of the metabolic syndrome?

A
  1. Overweight and Obesity
  2. Abnormal cholesterol levels
  3. Insulin Resistance and High Blood Pressure
123
Q

Why don’t people wear the OSA device?

A

becaues it is claustrophobic

124
Q

TEF

A

the thermic effect of the digestion and assimilation of food

125
Q

Definition: Peripheral Arterial Disease

A

narrowing of noncardiac arteries that may result in reduction of blood flow

126
Q

What are the 3 main precautions to exercise when working with obese individuals?

A
  1. Increased risk of a cardiac event or stroke
  2. Increased risk of debilitating joint injuries
  3. Increased risk of hyperthermia
127
Q

What produces adiponectin?

A

adipocytes

128
Q

BMI Risk: Normal Weight

A

Least

129
Q

What is happening with glucose and insulin when someone with type l exercises?

A

glucose continues to rise, as insulin never changes past baseline

130
Q

True or False: c-protein reduces the effectiveness of white blood cells

A

false

131
Q

When should you monitor blood glucose in clients with type l?

A

before, during and after

132
Q

Definition: veins

A

vessels that carry blood towards the heart

133
Q

What kind of stimulus would increase glucose levels?

A

meal

134
Q

Definition: Prehypertension

A

systolic pressure 120-139mmMg

diastolic pressure 80-89mmMg

135
Q

Definition: Hypertension

A

a systolic pressure ≥ 140mmMg

a diastolic pressure ≥ 90mmMg

or both

136
Q

Definition: Silent Ischemia

A

insufficient blood flow to the heart without clinical signs or symptoms, type ll

137
Q

What are microvascular dysfunctions?

A

eyes, feet and kidneys

138
Q

Blood glucose response will vary in type l clients based on the 4 following factors

ACRONYM

BIDI

A
  1. BG before exercise
  2. Intensity
  3. Duration
  4. Changes in insulin doses
139
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica Intima - edothelium or squamous cells
  2. Tunica Media - smooth muscle
  3. Tunica Externa or Adventitia - mostly fibrous connective tissue
140
Q

What is the “silent disease”?

A

Hypertension

141
Q

In what two ways can you assess blood glucose when working with a type l client?

A

Blood Glucose analyzer - blood or urine - shows ketones

142
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  1. plasma
  2. formed elements
143
Q

What are the 5 hormones of the endocrine system related to obesity?

ACRONYM

LAGIE

A
  1. Leptin
  2. Adiponectin
  3. Insulin
  4. Estrogen
  5. Ghrelin
144
Q

What rating classifies as obese?

A

>30

145
Q

What type of fat does the skinfold assessment measure?

A

Subcutaneous

146
Q

Why is there an increased risk of a cardiac event or stroke when obese individuals are exercising?

A
  1. excess weight overstressed the heart even at rest, so exercise increases that stress
  2. BP can reach dangerous levels during activity
  3. weakened vessels are prone to aneurisms
147
Q

Definition: Atherosclerosis

A

development of plaque in arteries

148
Q

Function: white blood cells

A

provide specific and nonspecific resistance

149
Q

When working with an obese client, when should you check for breathlessness?

A

Before, during, and after workout.

150
Q

Where are women more likely to feel symptoms of angina?

A
151
Q

BP Formula

A

Cardiac Output x Peripheral resistance

152
Q

What organ creates the pressure that drives blood through the vessels?

A

heart

153
Q

Why do you need to be especially careful when type l are exercising?

A

because hypoglycemia symptoms mimic those of exercise

154
Q

What is the cutoff for hypoglycemia?

A

<70mg/dl

155
Q

Why are obesity rates higher in some cold areas?

A

Because cold weather makes people want to exercise less

156
Q

FEV1

A

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second

157
Q

Why does homocystein rarely accumulate?

A

because it usually converts back into methionine or cysteine

158
Q

What is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes?

A

metabolic syndrome

159
Q

Where is ghrelin produced?

A

stomach cells

160
Q

What are some reasons an obese individual might not want to go to a gym and workout?

A
  1. Don’t feel welcome
  2. Feel judged
  3. Feel like they are being looked at
  4. Not confident in their abilities
161
Q

What method do you use to diagnose type l?

A

Blood test for autoimmune antibodies - presence of antibodies that destroy cells responsible for making insulin

162
Q

Definition: Stable Angina

A

associated with the onset of a specific level of stress, such as exercise

163
Q

What hormone, which inhibits the thyroid, is associated with weight gain?

A

Estrogen

164
Q

How much insulin is usually in the body?

A

0.41 - 1.5

165
Q

True or False: helping clients with type l is a trial and error process.

A

True

166
Q

Object Control examples?

A

throwing, catching

167
Q

What are the types of surface fat? Are they the most/least dangerous type of fat?

A

Peripheral, Subcutaneous, Lower Body. Least.

168
Q

What are the two reasons why “self-reported” obesity statistics are unreliable?

A
  1. Undereport weight
  2. Overeport physical activity
169
Q

Definition: Sleep Apnea

A

recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, accompanied by oxyhemoglobin desaturation

170
Q

How many classes of obesity are there?

A

3

171
Q

Defintion: Unstable Angina

A

less predictable and often occurs at rest

172
Q

Definition: Fibrinogen

A

a protein that is synthesize and released by the liver into the blood to aid in blood clotting, as well as initiating and exacerbating the inflammation response

173
Q

PAD

A

peripheral arterial disease

174
Q

Definition: Alpha cells

A

detect decreases in glucose, produce glucagona nd stimulate a downstream effect - hunger

175
Q

Which side of the heart pumps DE-oxygenated blood through to pulmonary circulation?

A

righ side

176
Q

Symptoms: Hypoglycemia

A

sweating, fatigue, dizziness

177
Q

How much more likely are diabetes patients to have an MI?

A
178
Q

What causes an atherosclerosis?

A

fatty deposits - LDLs - accumulate on the inner lining of the arterial walls. LDLs pass into the tunica intima where they undergo “oxidization”. These oxidized LDL’s are toxic and increase inflammation. White blood cells called “monocytes” absorb the toxic oxidized LDL’s and become foam cells. When these foam cells rupture or die, they release their lipid content, creating a “lipid core”. Fibrous caps form over these in the healing process, creating more plaque. At first the plaque eats into the wall of the artery to about 40%, weaking the artery wall. But after that point, the plaque starts narrowing the lumen, leading to reduced blood flow.

179
Q

CHF

A

chronic or congestive heart failure

180
Q

Obesity Class ll

A

35-39.9

181
Q

Definition: risk factors

A

characteristics or behaviours that increase the likelihood of disease development

182
Q

What type of diabetes can ketoacidosis be fatal in?

A

type l

183
Q

MI

A

Myocardial Infarction

184
Q

Fu

A
185
Q

Benefits of exercise on diabetes?

ACRONYM

MMICW

A
  1. Improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance
  2. Reduced need for meds
  3. Reduced risk of associated conditions - CVD
  4. Improved mood and well being
  5. Improved weight management
186
Q

What are the three components of energy expenditure that regulate energy balance?

A
  1. RMR
  2. TEF
  3. EEpa
187
Q

Overweight Classification

A

25-29.9

188
Q

How is homocysteine detected?

A

through blood tests

189
Q

What 3 factors, besides age, contribute to a higher risk of developing MS?

A
  1. high abdominal obesity
  2. low income
  3. low education
190
Q

List and define the 2 types of strokes.

A
  1. Hemorrhagic stroke - caused by bursting of a major vessel supplying the brain
  2. Ischemic stroke - caused by atherosclerosis of major vessels supplying the brain
191
Q

What are some modifiable risk factors?

ACRONYM

CHOCL

A
  1. cigarette smoking
  2. hypertension
  3. high blood cholesterol
  4. obesity and overweight
  5. high blood LDL levels
192
Q

BMI Risk: Overweight

A

Increased Risk

193
Q

Definition: Chronic Heart Failure

A

inability of the heart muscle to pump blood at a rate consistent with the metabolic needs, resulting in fatigue or dyspnea

194
Q

BMI Risk: Underweight

A

Increased Risk

195
Q

CVD clients benefit better from resistance or cardio training?

A

cardio

196
Q

What are the types of abdominal fat? Are these the most/least dangerous type of fat?

A

Central, Visceral, Intra-abdominal

Most

197
Q

What method is much more accurate when reading BG levels in type l clients?

A

continuous glucose monitoring

198
Q

What is a tell tale sign of ketoacidosis?

A

bad breath - fruity odor

199
Q

Which type of diabetes has the inability to produce insulin?

A

type l

200
Q

CVD: Resistance

A

F: 2 - 3 days/week

I: 12 - 15 reps, 11 - 13 on Borg

T: 2 - 4 sets of 8 - 10 exercises - major muscle groups

Ty: elastic bands, 1 - 2 lb hand weights, 1 - 5 lb free weights, cables or resistance machines

201
Q

What

A
202
Q

Definition: Energy Flux

A

the total change in energy balance

203
Q

Definition: Arteries

A

large vessels that carry blood away from the heart

204
Q

Why is homocysteine a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A

an excess amount of homocysteine starts to break off little pieces of the tunica intima, killing the endothelial cells there. This creates the formation of scabs, which end up narrowing the passageway and affecting or limiting blood flow

205
Q

Function: red blood cells

A

transport oxygen to the body’s cells

206
Q

Definition: Angina

A

chest pain that occurs in response to myocardial ishemia

207
Q

What hormone acts as an anti-inflammatory?

A

adiponectin

208
Q

Normal weight classification

A

18.5-24.9

209
Q

Relating to cardiovascular events, what are some signs and symptoms?

ACRONYM

Noisy Sounds Can Severely Whack Dan’s Head

A
  1. numbness or weakness of face, arm or leg
  2. loss of sensation
  3. confusion, trouble speaking, trouble understanding others
  4. difficulty seeing
  5. difficulty walking
  6. dizziness, loss of balance, loss of coordination
  7. severe headache suddenly
210
Q

Why is there an increased risk of debilitating joint injuries when an obese individual is exercising?

A
  1. excess weight stresses weight bearing joints
  2. exercise compounds this stress
211
Q

Formula for BMI

A

kg/m²

212
Q

What are macrovascular dysfunctions

A

brain, heart - atherosclerosis

213
Q

Definition: Coronary Heart Disease

A

affects the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart

214
Q

What should waist circumferance be for men and women?

A

Men >102cm

Women >88cm

215
Q

MS: cutoff for BP

A

≥130/85 mmHg

216
Q

What part of the NS controls the tunica media of vessels?

A

sympathetic nervous system

217
Q

What is the underlying cause of PAD, Angina?

A

atherosclerosis

218
Q

What is another term for the tunice externa?

A

adventitia

219
Q

In what 2 type ll and gestacional diabetes tests do you have to fast? How long?

A

FPG - fasting plasma glucose test

OGT - Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

8 hours

220
Q

Why is fibrinogen a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A

fibrinogen causes damage to the blood vessel, promoting clotting and plaue formation. Increased levels also increase the viscosity of blood, which increases the workload of the heart and the risk of thrombosis

221
Q

What are the 3 types of diabetes?

A
  1. Type l
  2. Type ll
  3. Gestacional
222
Q

In which diabetes test do you have to consume a concentrated glucose drink?

A

OGT - oral glucose tolerance test

223
Q

True or False: there can be a genetic predisposition to have higher homocystein levels

A

true

224
Q

Definition: Homocysteine

A

an amino acid byproduct created in the digestion of protein

225
Q

What causes an increase in homocysteine?

A
  1. a lack of the enzyme needed to convert homocysteine back into methionine or cysteine.
  2. low levels of b-12 folic acid increases plasma homocysteine
226
Q

Definition: Facilitated Diffusion

A

the glucose concentration in blood and cells is such that no ATP is required for energy

227
Q
A
228
Q

What hormone controls blood glucose?

A

insulin

229
Q

Definition: Thrombosis

A

blood clot that is travelling through the vessel

230
Q

How can exercise help when insulin is ineffective?

A

because insulin binds to the receptors on the target cells to open the glucose gates, when insulin is not working properly, exercise can naturally open those gates, allowing glucose to flow through for energy

231
Q

With neuropathy, what types of things should you avoid?

A

walking, stair climbing, gait or balance exercises

232
Q

Definition: adipocytes

A

little fat cells

233
Q

What are some symptoms of type l?

A

hunger, severe systemic weakness, and weight loss

234
Q

True or False: Respiratory Rate is higher in obese individuals?

A

True

235
Q

True or False: Obese persons have low levels of leptin

A

False

236
Q

True or False: Veins have a thinner tunica media.

A

True

237
Q

How much more likely are diabetes patients to have an MI?

A

2 - 4x

238
Q

What can a chronic increase in glucose damage?

A

diney filtration - leads to failure and needing dialysis

239
Q

How would you desribe metabolic syndrome?

A

a cluster of biochemical and physiological abnormalities

240
Q

Obese Resistance: FITT

A

Frequency: 2-3 days/week

Intensity: muscles fatigued in 8 - 12reps - hypertrophy and endurance

  • 1-2 sets beginners

Time: 45m - 60m - client dependant

Type: machine weights - free weights - focus on large muscle groups

241
Q

Definition: arterioles

A

small branch arteries that carry blood away from the heart

242
Q

Diabetes: Cardio

A

F: 3 - 7 days/week

I: Moderate - 50 - 80% - 12 - 16 RPE

T: 20 - 60m

T: Anything, unless neuropathy, then nonimact - swimming - cycling

243
Q

How does exercise affect adiponectin?

A
  1. adiponectin is very responsive to exercise
  2. losing weight can increase levels
244
Q
A
245
Q

What is the strongest predictor of MS?

A

age

246
Q

True or false: low LDL levels can counteract high levels of c-protein.

A

false

Health Promotion Test (2 decks)

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