test likely questions Flashcards
Explain how increase in minute ventilation allows to maintain performance throughout a race.
- Increased oxygen exchange in the alveoli
- Increased oxygen delivery to the working muscles
- Working muscles are able to work aerobically/with oxygen
- Less lactic acid produced
- Increased rate of removal of carbon dioxide in the alveoli
What effect does a continuous exercise session have on expiratory reserve volume and Residual Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
1.Decrease / get smaller.
Residual Volume
2.Stay the same / remain unchanged / no effect.
how does oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the alveoli and the blood capillary.
- By a process called diffusion which is the movement of gases from a high concentration to a low concentration
- The partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli pO2 = 104mmHg and lower in the blood pO2 = 40mmHg. And so moves from the alveoli to the blood.
- The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood pCO2 = 46mmHg and lower in the alveoli pCO2 = 40mmHg and so moves/diffuses from the blood into the alveoli
Outline how the following characteristics of capillaries allow for efficient gaseous exchange:
*one cell thick
*large surface area
*narrow diameter
- One cell thick – short route for diffusion
2.Large surface area – contact area/opportunity/surfaces for diffusion - Narrow diameter – slow passage of red blood cells/single file
how does oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the blood and the muscles.
- Process of diffusion – high to low concentrations
- Partial pressure of oxygen is higher in blood (100) and lower in muscle (40) so it diffuses from blood into the muscle
- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide higher in muscle (46) and lower in blood (40) therefore Moves/diffuses from muscle to blood/capillary
Explain how the gas exchange system operates at muscles.
Gas exchange at the muscles operates through diffusion, where gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Oxygen diffuses from the blood, where there is a high partial pressure (PP) of oxygen, into the muscles, where there is a lower PP. This is made easier by thin capillary walls, allowing for a short diffusion distance. Oxygen then associates with myoglobin in the muscle cells for storage. during this, carbon dioxide is produced in the muscles, where there is a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂), this diffuses into the blood, where pCO₂ is lower. In the blood, carbon dioxide dissolves in plasma, combines with haemoglobin, that forms bicarbonate ion.
- oxygen diffuses into muscles and is easy as of thin capillary walls
- combines into myoglobin for storage
- then carbon dioxide diffuses out of the muscle into blood which then creates deoxygenated blood which is breathed out of the body
explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the two locations. (alveolus) and (blood capillary)
Process of diffusion – high to low concentrations / down a concentration gradient.
Gases move – oxygen from alveoli to capillary and carbon dioxide from capillary to alveoli.
Oxygen partial pressure is higher in alveoli (104) and lower in capillary (40).
Carbon dioxide partial pressure is lower in alveoli (40) / higher in capillary (46).
Name two other structural features of the lungs that assist diffusion.
- large blood supply
- alveoli is 1 cell thick so short distance for diffusion
How is ‘breathing rate’ controlled to meet the demands of changing levels of exercise?
- increase in carbon dioxide and lactic acid is detected my chemo receptors
- chemo send signal to the medulla in the brain
- medulla sends an impulse to the inspiratory muscles such as diaphragm, external intercostal, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis major
- this increases breathing rate
- therefore gets rid of waste products like carbon dioxide and lactic acid and supply more oxygen to body
Explain how increases in levels of carbon dioxide and acidity in the blood cause breathing rate to rise.
Increases in carbon dioxide levels and acidity in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors located in the carotid arteries, aortic arch and medulla. These chemoreceptors send nerve impulses to the respiratory control center in the medulla of the brain. The medulla then sends nervous output to the breathing muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, via the phrenic nerve. This increases the rate and depth of contraction of these muscles, leading to a rise in breathing rate to breathe out more carbon dioxide and gain back blood PH
How is breathing rate regulated by the body to meet the increasing demands of exercise during a game of netball?
During a game of netball, breathing rate is regulated to meet the increasing demands of exercise as lactic acid and acidity rise in the blood. These changes are detected by the receptors, including chemoreceptors, baroreceptors and proprioceptors which are located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch. The receptors send nerve impulses to the respiratory Centre in the medulla of the brain, which then sends nerve impulses to the breathing muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. These impulses travel via the phrenic nerve, resulting in deeper and faster breathing to get rid of more carbon dioxide and gain more oxygen for the body.
Identify one physiological effect of smoking on the respiratory system and explain its impact on performance in endurance events.
One physiological effect of smoking on the respiratory system is the binding of carbon monoxide to haemoglobin, which reduces the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen. This impact on oxygen transport limits the amount of oxygen available for the muscles during endurance events, stopping the athlete’s ability to perform aerobically. As a result this leads to quicker fatigue and reduced endurance. Additionally, smoking can damage cilia due to nicotine, and damage healthy alveoli, stopping gaseous exchange and oxygen delivery to muscles.
Describe how poor lifestyle choices may affect the respiratory system.
Poor lifestyle choices can impact the respiratory system. A lack of exercise and a poor diet can lead to weaker cardiovascular endurance, which weakens gas exchange in the lungs. other effects are increased breathlessness and damaging the cells lining the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, leading to conditions such as COPD. This damage also causes excess mucus production, resulting in smoker’s cough. Furthermore, smoking breaks down the walls of the alveoli, reducing the efficiency of gaseous exchange, and carbon monoxide from cigarettes binds more readily to haemoglobin than oxygen, decreasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Evaluate the impact of long-term aerobic training and lifestyle choices on the respiratory system.
Long-term aerobic training leads to improvements in the respiratory system that improve efficiency and oxygen delivery to muscles. After a few weeks of training, the respiratory system becomes more efficient at taking in and supplying oxygen. also an increased surface area of the alveoli, and a larger a-VO2 difference, which means more efficient oxygen production to the blood. Respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and abdominals, become stronger meaning an increase in deeper breathing . This increases tidal volume and minute ventilation during maximal exercise. Additionally, vital capacity, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes all improve meaning better oxygen intake and aerobic performance.
However, poor lifestyle choices, like smoking, can have a bad impact on the respiratory system. Smoking decreases the efficiency of the respiratory system by slowing the supply of oxygen to muscles. Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke, binds to haemoglobin instead of oxygen, decreasing the amount of oxygen in the blood. this leads to weakened gaseous exchange. Smoking also causes damage to the path way of air, including the airways, where tar buildup stops gaseous exchange and narrows air ways. this can lead to diseases and weaker aerobic endurance.
- aerobic training improves respiratory system, oxygen supply to muscles, avo2 difference.
- respiratory muscles become stronger meaning deeper and more efficient breathing
- increases tidal volume and minute ventilation during maximum exercise
- improved vital capacity, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume
- however
- lifestyle choices like smoking decrease efficiency of respiratory system
- carbon monoxide from nicotine connect the haemoglobin instead of oxygen therefore decreasing oxygen supply
- smoking also damages pathway of air where tar builds up and narrows the airways
- leads to diseases and weaker endurance
define expiratory reserve volume?
Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath.
