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Test II QuestIons Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Four ways a catalyst can speed up a reaction?

A
  • Covalent Catalysis
  • Acid-Base Catalysis
  • Approximation/Entropy Reduction
  • Electrostatic Catalysis
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2
Q

What are the three components which make up the catalytic triad and form the oxyanion hole?

A
  • Acid
  • Base
  • Nucleophile
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3
Q

Describe the process of polypeptide cleavage with an enzyme containing an oxyanion hole?

A
  1. Polypeptide binds to active site noncovalently
  2. Oxyanion tetrahedral structure stabilizes with hydrogen bonding. Serine Nucleophile donates H+ to Histidine, O attacks terminal Carbon.
  3. H+ Transfer from Histidine residue and collapse of the tetrahedral structure causes C-N bond cleavage
  4. the second peptide fragment is released and enzyme returns to the initial state
  5. Tetrahedral oxyanion intermediate stabilized through enthalpic interactions
  6. H20 binds to the active site and attacks acyl ester carbonyl on peptide fragment causing release
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4
Q

What is the shape of an ln [S] vs time graph for a first-order kinetics reaction?

A

Linear

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5
Q

What is the shape of a 1/[S] vs time graph for a second order reaction?

A

Linear

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6
Q

Which type of inhibition results in a change of slope and no change in Y intercept to the 1/Vo vs 1/[S] graph?

A

Competitive Inhibition

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7
Q

Which type of inhibition results in a change of slope and change in Y intercept, but no change in X intercept to the 1/Vo vs 1/[S] graph?

A

Noncompetitive inhibition

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8
Q

Which type of inhibition results in no change of slope to the 1/Vo vs 1/[S] graph?

A

Uncompetitive

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9
Q

How do Isozymes work?

A
  • Catalyze same reaction w/ Different specificities

- Mix and Match

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10
Q

Which of the following is a form of irreversible covalent modification?

A. Proteolytic Cleavage
B. Phosphorylation
C. y-Carboxylation
D. ADP-ribose activity

A

A. Proteolytic Cleavage

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11
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in stearate?

A

18/0/0

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12
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Oleate?

A

18/1/9

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13
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Linoleate?

A

18/2/9,12

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14
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Linolenate?

A

18/3/9,12,15

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15
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in stearidonic acid?

A

18/4/6,9,12,15

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16
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Docosapentaenoic acid(DPA)?

A

22/5/4,7,10,13,16 or 22/5/7,10,13,16,19

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17
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)?

A

20/5/5,8,11,14,17

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18
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)?

A

22/6/4,7,10,13,16,19

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19
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Arachidonic acid/Arachidonate?

A

20/4/5,8,11,14

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20
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Laurate?

A

12/0/0

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21
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Myristate?

A

14/0/0

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22
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Palmitate?

A

16/0/0

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23
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Arachidate?

A

20/0/0

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24
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Behenate?

A

22/0

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25
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Lignocerate?

A

24/0

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26
Q

How many Carbons/double-bonds/locations in Palmitoleate?

A

16/1/9

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27
Q

How do Waxes differ from TAGs?

A

Alcohol head instead of glycerol

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28
Q

What is special about the lipid membrane in archaebacteria?

A

Contain branched fatty acids

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29
Q

What is the general structure of sphingomyelin?

A

A fatty acid connected to an amine

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30
Q

What type of lipid structure is important in Blood type and cell signaling?

A

Glycosphingolipid

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31
Q

Which type of transporter has an E1 state which opens inside and an E2 state which opens outward?

A

P-type ATPase ex. SERCA

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32
Q

Which type of primary active transporter uses two ATP molecules and can be a monomer or a homodimer?

A

ATP Binding Cassete Ex. MDR

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33
Q

How do Anomers differ?

A

by the C1 carbon and if the Hydroxyl group is a/B (up or down)

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34
Q

What type of isomer differs at any other carbon besides the anomeric carbon?

A

Epimer

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35
Q

When converting Fischer to Haworth, ____ goes _____, and ____ goes ____.

A

Left -> UP

Right -> DOWN

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36
Q

Describe the # Cs/Carbonyl location/ direction of hydroxides in a Glyceraldehyde?

A

3/1

2C - Right/Down

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37
Q

Describe the # Cs/Carbonyl location/ direction of hydroxides in a Ribose?

A

5/1
2C - R/D
3C - R/D
4C - R/D

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38
Q

Describe the # Cs/Carbonyl location/ direction of hydroxides in a Glucose?

A 
6/1
2C - R/D
3C - L/U
4C - R/D
5C - R/D
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39
Q

Describe the # Cs/Carbonyl location/ direction of hydroxides in a Galactose?

A 
6/1
2C - R/D
3C - L/U
4C - L/U
5C - R/D
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40
Q

Describe the # Cs/Carbonyl location/ direction of hydroxides in a D-Deoxyribose?

A

5/1
2C - NO OH
3C - R/D
4C - R/D

41
Q

Describe the # Cs/Carbonyl location/ direction of hydroxides in a Ribulose?

A

5/2
3C - R/D
4C - R/D

42
Q

Describe the # Cs/Carbonyl location/ direction of hydroxides in a Fructose?

A

6/2
3C - L/U
4C - R/D
5C - R/D

43
Q

Describe the # Cs/Carbonyl location/ direction of hydroxides in a D-Mannose?

A 
6/1
2C - L/U
3C - L/U
4C - R/D
5C - R/D
44
Q

Which chemical is made from the substitution of a hydroxide for a methyl group at carbon 5 of Galactose?

45
Q

Describe the # Cs/Carbonyl location/ direction of hydroxides in a Xylose?

A

5/1
2C - R/D
3C - L/U
4C - R/D

46
Q

What are the essential monosaccharides?

A
  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Mannose
  • Xylose
  • Fucose
  • GlcNAc
  • GalNAc
  • Sialic Acid
47
Q

How many ATP are generated in converting 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate?

48
Q

How much ATP is generated from converting 2 pyruvate to CO2 and H2O?

49
Q

What is the location and affinity of GLUT1?

A
  • Brain and RBCs

- High Affinity

50
Q

What is the location and affinity of GLUT2?

A
  • Liver/pancreas

- Low affinity

51
Q

What is the location and affinity of GLUT3?

A
  • Neurons

- High Affinity

52
Q

What is the location and affinity of GLUT4?

A
  • Skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose

- Insulin-dependant

53
Q

What happens in the first step of stage 1 of glycolysis?

A
  • Trapping glucose
  • Hexokinase phosphorylates C6 on glucose
  • ATP used
54
Q

What happens in the second step of stage 1 of glycolysis?

A
  • Trapping of glucose

- Phosphoglucose Isomerase converts G6P to F6P

55
Q

What happens int he 3rd step of stage 1 of glycolysis?

A
  • Committed step
  • Phosphofructokinase phosphorylates C1 on F6P to F1,6P
  • ATP used
56
Q

What happens in the 4th step of stage 1 of glycolysis?

A
  • Aldolase separates F1,6P into G3P and DHAP
57
Q

What happens in the 5th step of stage 1 of glycolysis?

A
  • TPI converts DHAP to G3P/GAP
58
Q

What happens in the 1st step of stage 2 of glycolysis?

A
  • GAP converted to 1,4 BPG via oxidative phosphorylation by GAPDH
  • NAD+ Reduced to NADH
59
Q

What happens in the 2nd step of stage 2 of glycolysis?

A
  • Phosphoglycerate kinase phosphorylates 1,3BPG to become 3-Phosphoglycerate
  • ATP generated
60
Q

What happens in the 3rd step of stage 2 of glycolysis?

A
  • Phosphoglycerate Mutase moves Phosphate from 3’ to 2’ carbon.
61
Q

What happens in the 4th step of stage 2 of glycolysis?

A
  • Dehydration of 2PG to form PEP via Enolase

- Generation of H20

62
Q

What happens in the 5th step of stage 2 of glycolysis?

A
  • PEP is dephosphorylated via Pyruvate kinase to Pyruvate

- ATP formed

63
Q

In the absence of O2, what process regenerates NAD+?

A
  • Conversion of Pyruvate to Lactate
64
Q

What is the main inhibitor of phosphofructokinase?

65
Q

What is the main mechanism of inhibition of Pyruvate kinase?

A
  • Allosteric effectors

- Covalent modifications

66
Q

How does excessive consumption of fructose lead to pathological conditions like obesity?

A

Fructose bypasses the phosphofructosekinase-catalyzed regulatory step of glycolysis. Exces Acetyl-CoA is converted to fatty Acids and form TAGs

67
Q

What is the Warburg effect?

A

Rapidly growing tumors metabolize glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen

68
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur???

A

Liver and kidney

69
Q

Which of the following is NOT a precursor to gluconeogenesis?

A. Glycerol
B. Galactose
C. Lactate
D. Amino Acids

A

B. Galactose

70
Q

Which of the following bypasses hexikinase in gluconeogenesis?

A. Pyruvate carbxylase
B. Phosphofructopyruvate carboxykinase
C. Glucose 6-phosphatase
D. Fructose 1/6-biphosphatase

A

C. Glucose 6-phophatase

71
Q

Which of the following is responsible for the production of oxaloacetate?

A. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
B. Enolase
C. PhosphoPyruvate mutase
D. Pyruvate carboxylase

A

D. Pyruvate carboxylase

72
Q

What is produced in tandem with conversion of malate to oxaloacetate outside the mitochondria?

A. FAD+
B. NADH+
C. NAD+
D. FADH

73
Q

Glycerol enters gluconeogenesis as:

A. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
B. Glucose-6-phosphate
C. Fructose 1,6 biphophate
D. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

A

A. Dyhydroxyacetone phosphate

74
Q

Which of the following transporters is involved in transporting glucose-6-phosphate into the ER Lumen?

A. T2
B. T3
C. T1
D. T4

75
Q

Which of the following STRONGLY regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A. Glucose 6-phosphate
B. Fructose 2,6-biphosphate
C. 1,3 biphosphoglycerate
D. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A

B. Fructose 2,6-phosphate

76
Q

Which of the following is generated by the action of pyruvate carboxylase?

A: Glucose 
B: Pyruvate 
C: Oxaloacetate 
D: Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate 
E: ATP
A

C. Oxaloacetate

77
Q

Which of the following enzymes is the gluconeogenic partner of phospho- fructokinase?

A: Lactate dehydrogenase 
B: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 
C: Pyruvate carboxylase 
D: Pyruvate kinase 
E: Hexokinase
A

B: Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

78
Q 
3. Which of the following is the most important substrate of the Cori cycle? 
A. Glucose 
B. Fructose 
C. Glycerol 
D. Sucrose 
E.  Lactate
A

E. Lactate

79
Q

What is on the reducing end of a terminal glucose monomer?

A. Hydroxyl group
B. Methyl group
C. Glycogenin
D. Phosphate group

A

C. Glycogenin

80
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for 1-4 glycogen linkage?

A

Glycogen synthase

81
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for a1-6 glycogen linkage?

A

Glycosylated transferase

82
Q

Which of the. Following is responsible for reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate in Glycogenesis?

A. Phosphoglucomutase
B. Phosphotranferase
C. Uridine diphosphorylase
D. Glucokinase

A

A. Phosphoglucomutase

83
Q

To Which of the following does. Glycogen synthase Tranfer glucose to?

A. Carbon 1 of nonreducing end
B. Carbon 6 of reducing end
C. Carbon 4 of nonreducing end
D. Carbon 1 of reducing end

A

D. Carbon 1 of reducing end

84
Q

Which of the following is NOT a direct process resulting from glycogenolysis?

A. Glycolysis
B. Release of free glucose to blood
C. Cory Cycle
D. Penthouse phosphate pathway

A

C. Cory Cycle

85
Q

Which of the following is responsible for chain shortening of glycogen polymers?

A. Phosphoglucomutase
B. Glycogen phosphorylase
C. Hexokinase
D. 1,6 glucosidase

A

B. Glycogen phosphorylase

86
Q

What are the two key enzymes regulating the production and breakdown of glycogen?

A
  • Glycogen Synthase

- Glycogen phosphorylase

87
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the “a” form o glycogen synthase?

A. Active phosphorylates form
B. Active non-phosphorylates form
C. Inactive phosphorylates form
D. Inactive non-phosphorylates form

A

B. Active non-phosphorylates form

88
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for regulation of glycogen synthase?

A

glycogen synthase kinase

89
Q

Which o the following is a potent activator of glycogen synthase?

A. Glucose-6-phosphate
B. Phosphofructokinase
C.Frustose 1,6 biphosphate
D. 3-phosphglycerate

90
Q

Where are the primary locations of Glycogen phosphorylase?

A

Liver - Relaxed state

Muscle - Tense state

91
Q

What are the two main mechanisms of regulation of GP?

A
  • Allosteric effectors

- Covalent Modification (Reversible phosphorylation)

92
Q

What is the pathology of Hers disease?

A

Mutation in lover GP

93
Q

What is the pathology of McArdle Syndrome?

A

Mutation in muscle GP

94
Q

What action does glucose have on Liver GP?

A

Glucose binds to active site and stabilizes inactive T state

95
Q

What are the main negative allosteric regulators of GP in the muscle?

96
Q

Where does Glucagon NOT act?

97
Q

How does the fate of G1P in the liver differ from in the muscle?

A
  • G1P in the liver is converted to glucose and released in the blood stream
  • In muscle, no G6-phosphatase results in energy via glycolysis and TCA cycle
98
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Type I GSD primarily affects muscle cells
B. Type II GSD is characterized by defective Phosphorylase enzyme
C. Type IV GSD primarily affects the spleen and liver
D. Type III GSD is characterized by defects in a-1,4-glucosidase

A

C. Type IV GSD primarily affects the spleen and liver

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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