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History & Systems > Test II > Flashcards

Test II Flashcards

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1
Q

What did De Montaigne attack?

A

he attacked the state of reason/knowledge/science

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2
Q

What did de Montaigne‘s ideas on skepticism drive people to do?

A

His ideas on skepticism drove many to seek a science that was not subject to these criticisms

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3
Q

Who was Much more practical than past philosophers we have discussed

A

Etienne Condillac

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4
Q

Who Put forward a method “art of discovery”

A

Francis Bacon

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5
Q

Bacon Put forward a method “art of discovery” that included:

A
  • Collect of masses of data from many sources
  • lay aside received opinion and notions
  • pay attention to negative instances
  • only after all this try to find the theory that generalizes or assimilates
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6
Q

What are Bacon’s four idols

A

Tribe, Cave art, marketplace and theatre

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7
Q

Idols of the tribe

A

Human’s natural tendencies towards bias (confirmation bias, stereotypes group rather than look at individual)

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8
Q

Idols of the cave are

A

the distortions and biases we have as individuals

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9
Q

Idols of the Cave Are the distortions and biases we have as individuals:

A
  • Preferences for certain interpretations or theories
  • Inability to see different possible interpretations of same events
  • Due to our peculiar backgrounds and educations, as well as the intellectual heroes we emulate.
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10
Q

Idols of the marketplace

A

The marketplace is society, and the main threat to clear thinking from society is its use of language.

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11
Q

Points of Idols of the marketplace

A
  • The common uses of words are not necessarily fit for scientific and philosophical use
  • Common sense or the logic we presume we are using when we speak is not that logical.
  • Wanted us to be more careful in the way we use words- more precise and consistent
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12
Q

Idols of the theater

A

The theater refers to the showplaces of scientific ideas and theories – journals and books, famous names and theories, particular scientific designs or methods that have won recognition – the appearances of truth!

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13
Q

Bacon says we should take care not to

A

idolize or dogmatize whatever theories are presently accepted, even if they are promoted by “authorities” in their field or appear to be accepted “universally.”

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14
Q

Emotions are___ and can be ____

A

Conscious/controlled

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15
Q

Passions are____and ___ us

A

Unconscious/control

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16
Q

Too much passion is___

A

Painful

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17
Q

To turn passion into emotion it helps to

A

Trace its roots and see the necessity of things

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18
Q

(Spinoza) Surrender to the inevitable, and you will be much more

A

Peaceful

19
Q

What did decartes say was certain

A

God, time and space, the world, mathematics.

20
Q

He was a rationalist but did not ignore role of experience

A

Decartes

21
Q

He Preferred natural observations, especially simple, spontaneous, and everyday observations which were less likely to be misleading

A

Decartes

22
Q

Decartes Preferred ______, especially simple, spontaneous, and everyday observations which were less likely to be misleading

A

natural observations

23
Q

Who thought We must control our emotions/passions

A

Spinoza

24
Q

Who said we have impressions and ideas

A

Hume

25
Q

According to Hume, impressions are

A

strong sensory experiences (e.g., the sight we are seeing, taste in our mouth, sadness we feel, desire to eat)

26
Q

According to Hume, ideas are

A

weak images of impressions (e.g., memory of a taste we ate for breakfast)

27
Q

He outlined five procedures for establishing causation.

A

John Stuart Mill

28
Q

If a phenomenon occurs in two different situations, and those two situations have only one thing in common, that “thing” is the cause (or effect) of the phenomenon.

A

Method of agreement

29
Q

If a phenomenon occurs in one situation but not in another, and those two situations have everything in common except for one thing, then that “thing” is the cause (or effect) of the phenomenon.

A

Method of differences

30
Q

If one phenomenon varies consistently with the variations of another phenomenon, one is the cause or effect, or is otherwise involved in the causation, of the other. This, of course, is the foundation for correlation which, although it cannot establish the direction of causality, does indicate some causal relationship.

A

Method of concomitant variation

31
Q

He Invented a calculator that could multiply and divide.

A

Leibniz

32
Q

Bentham argued the punishment for crime was related to repulsion from the crime not

A

seriousness to society

33
Q

Bentham Argued for more uniform punishment based on

A

social consequences

34
Q

Bentham: A calculus could be established based on

A

pleasure and pain for the greatest number of people

35
Q

Bentham: Emphasis to reform or protect society not

A

inflict penalty

36
Q

Bentham: Questioned innate knowledge of legal magistrates to know

A

absolute moral principals

37
Q

Who Discovered the principle of the pendulum.

A

Galileo

38
Q

He Invented the hydrostatic balance. Specific gravity (density of substance compared to water)

A

Galileo

39
Q

He is famous for the law of gravity,

A

Galileo

40
Q

two things of the same size and shape, but of different weights, will fall at the same speed through the same medium.

A

Law of gravity

41
Q

Perfecting his telescope led to the discovery of four of the nine moons of Jupiter

A

Galileo

42
Q

His book pitting the two view of the world was revolutionary and became a template for the way that scientific arguments would be made

A

Galileo

43
Q

Explanations with few assumptions are better than those with many (law of parsimony, keep it simple stupid)

A

Ockham’s razor

44
Q

He is often considered the turning point from the religious worldview of the Middle Ages to the scientific worldview of the Renaissance and the Modern era.

A

William of Ockham

History & Systems (3 decks)

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