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A&P I > Test I: Ch 1,4-6 > Flashcards

Test I: Ch 1,4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main Concepts

A

Complementary of Structure & Function (all structures work together)

Emergent Properties (hierarchy of structural relationships)

Homeostasis (internal balance)

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2
Q

Levels of Organization

A

Chemical => Cellular => Tissue => Organ => Organ System => Organism

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3
Q

Properties

A

Organization
Homeostasis
E Processing
Response to changes in environment
Reproduction
Growth & Development
Evolution

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4
Q

Anatomical Position

A

standing, facing forward, hands at sides, palms facing forward, feet together

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5
Q

Supine

A

lying down, face up

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6
Q

Prone

A

lying down, face down

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7
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (4)

A

Right upper
Left upper
Right Lower
Left lower

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8
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions (9)

A

R Hypochondriac
Epigastric
L Hypochondriac
R Lumbar
Umbilical
L Lumbar
R Inguinal
Hypogastric
L Inguinal

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9
Q

Epigastric

A

liver
stomach

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10
Q

L Hypochondriac

A

spleen

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11
Q

Umbilical

A

gallbladder
large int.
small int.

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12
Q

Hypogastric

A

appendix
bladder

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13
Q

Anterior/ventral

A

front surface or belly side

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14
Q

Posterior/dorsal

A

back surface

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15
Q

Cephalic

A

head

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16
Q

Superior

A

above or highest

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17
Q

Inferior

A

below or lowest

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18
Q

Caudal

A

tail or coccyx

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19
Q

Medial

A

towards the center of the body

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20
Q

Lateral

A

along the side of

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21
Q

Proximal

A

towards the attached base

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22
Q

Distal

A

away from attached base

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23
Q

Superficial

A

towards the surface or closer to body surface

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24
Q

Deep

A

far from surface

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25
Q

Frontal/Coronal Plane

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior

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26
Q

Sagittal

A

divides the body into left and right

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27
Q

Midsagittal

A

directly down the middle

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28
Q

Parasagittal

A

offset from the middle

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29
Q

Transverse

A

horizontal plane divides body into superior and inferior portions

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30
Q

2 Functions of Body cavities

A

protects organs from shocks & impacts

permit changes in size & shape of internal organs

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31
Q

Visceral

A

lines walls of cavities

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32
Q

Parietal

A

covers surface of enclosed viscera

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33
Q

2 Major Subdivisions of body

A

Dorsal (cranial & vertebral)

Ventral (thoracic & abdominopelvic)

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34
Q

Integumentary System Organs

A

skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

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35
Q

Integumentary System Functions

A

protection against environmental hazards

regulate body temp

provides sensory info

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36
Q

Skeletal System Organs

A

bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

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37
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A

support & protection for other tissues

stores Ca & other nutrients

forms blood cells

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38
Q

Muscular System Organs

A

skeletal muscles, associated tendons

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39
Q

Muscular System Functions

A

provides movements

protection and support for other tissues

generates heat that maintains body temp

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40
Q

Nervous System Organs

A

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves sense organs

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41
Q

Nervous System Function

A

directs immediate response to stim

coordination or moderates activities of other organ systems

provides/interprets sensory info about external conditions

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42
Q

Endocrine System Organs

A

pituitary gland, pancreas, gonads endocrine tissues in other system, thyroid gland, adrenal glands

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43
Q

Endocrine System Functions

A

directs long-term changes in the activities of other systems

adjusts metabolic activity & energy use by body

controls structural & functional changes during development

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44
Q

Cardiovascular System Organs

A

heart, blood, BV

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45
Q

Cardiovascular System Functions

A

distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste product, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

distributes heat & assists control of body temp

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46
Q

Lymphatic System Organs

A

spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

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47
Q

Lymphatic System Functions

A

defends against infection & disease

returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

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48
Q

Respiratory System Organs

A

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

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49
Q

Respiratory System Functions

A

deliver air to alveoli

provide oxygen to bloodstream

remove CO2 from bloodstream

aid in sound production

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50
Q

Digestive System Organs

A

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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51
Q

Digestive System Functions

A

processes & digests food

absorbs & conserves water

absorbs nutrients

stores energy reserves

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52
Q

Urinary System Organs

A

kidney, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra

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53
Q

Urinary System Functions

A

excretes waste from blood

controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

stores urine prior to elimination

regulates blood pH & ion concentration

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54
Q

Mechanisms of Regulation

A

Autoregulation & Extrinsic Regulation

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55
Q

Autoregulation

A

automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change

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56
Q

Extrinsic Regulation

A

nervous system (rapid & short)

Endocrine System (slower & persistent)

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57
Q

Negative Feedback

A

counteracting a change

Thermoregulation & Hypothalamus

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58
Q

Positive Feedback

A

an initial stim that produces a response that amplifies the original response

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59
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

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60
Q

What does Epithelial mean

A

over external or line the internal surfaces

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61
Q

Epithelial Characteristics

A

cossages

cellularity (tightly packed)

polarity (difference between apical & basal surfaces)

attached to connective tissue

avascular

can regenerate fast

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62
Q

Epithelial Functions

A

provide physical protection

permeability

sensation

specialized secretion

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63
Q

Epithelial Specializations

A

Intercellular Connections

attachment to basement membrane

maintenance & repair

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64
Q

Intercellular Connections

A

Tight Junctions (between plasma membrane)

Gap Junctions (tunnel that allows electrical coupling)

Desmosomes (anchoring sites for intermediate filaments)

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65
Q

3 Parts of regulatory mechanism

A

Sensor
Control Center
Effector

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66
Q

Simple Squamous Function

A

absorption, secretion, reduce friction, controls vessel permeability

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67
Q

Mesothelium

A

lines ventral body cavities

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68
Q

Endothelium

A

lines heart & BV

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69
Q

Simple Squamous Location

A

BV, kidney, tubules, inner lining of cornea, alveoli of lungs

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70
Q

Stratified Squamous Location

A

surface of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus anus

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71
Q

Stratified Squamous Function

A

provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, & chemical attack

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72
Q

Simple Cuboidal Location

A

glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, thyroid glands

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73
Q

Simple Cuboidal Function

A

secretion & absorption

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74
Q

Stratified Cuboidal (rare)

A

Location: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, collecting ducts of kidney

Function: protection, secretion, absorption

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75
Q

Pseudostratified

A

Location: lining of nasal cavity, trachea/bronchi

Function: protection, secretion, move mucus

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76
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Location: pharynx, conjunctive epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts

Function: protection

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77
Q

Merocrine Secretion

A

product released by exocytosis (vesicles)

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78
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

apical portion of cytoplasm becomes packed with these vesicles => shed

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79
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

destruction of gland cells

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80
Q

Types of Secretion

A

serous gland: watery enzyme secretion

mucous gland: mucus

mixed exocrine: both

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81
Q

Connective Tissue Characteristics

A

specialized cells that reproduce

bind structures together

Ground substance Fluid

never exposed to outside environment

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82
Q

Connective Tissue Functions

A

structural framework

transport fluids

protection of organs

support + connect tissues

store energy reserves

defend body

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83
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

many types of cells & EC fibers in syrupy ground substance

  • connect & protect
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84
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue

A

cells suspended in watery matrix with proteins

  • transport (Ex: blood & lymph)
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85
Q

Supporting Connective tissues

A

less diverse cell types that are densely packed

  • cartilage & bone
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86
Q

Fibroblast (CTP)

A

secretes protein subunits (cellular cement)

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87
Q

Fibrocytes (CTP)

A

maintains the fibers in CTP

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88
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat

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89
Q

Mesenchymal cells (CTP)

A

stem cells

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90
Q

Macrophages (CTP)

A

phagocytic cells of immune system

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91
Q

Mast Cells (CTP)

A

stim inflammation after injury/infection

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92
Q

Lymphocytes (CTP)

A

specialized immune cells in lymphatic system

  • develops into plasma cells => produce antibodies
93
Q

Microphages (CTP)

A

phagocytic BC; responds to signals

  • neutrophils & eosinophils
94
Q

Fiber types

A

Collagen
- long & unbranched
- resist force in one direction
- tendons & ligaments

Reticular
- same structure diff arrangement as collagen
- strong, flexible, unbranched
- resist force in many directions
- sheaths around organs

Elastic
- branched & wavy
- return to length after stretching
- elastic ligaments of interconnecting vertebrae

95
Q

Areolar

A

loosely organized
open framework
help elastic fibers retain their shape
extensive blood supply
viscous ground substance

96
Q

Adipose Functions/Types

A

padding, shock absorb, insulates

White => most common

Brown => babies

97
Q

Reticular

A

supporting framework

  • spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow
98
Q

Dense CT

A

fibers dominated by collagen

  • dense regular
  • dense irregular
  • elastic
99
Q

Dense regular (DCT)

A

tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis

100
Q

dense irregular (DCT)

A

layered in skin, forms capsules around organs

101
Q

elastic (DCT)

A

dominated by elastic fibers

102
Q

Blood

A

cells in watery matrix (plasma)

RBC => transport O2/CO2

WBC => nucleated cells that defend the body

Platelets => membrane enclosed packets of cytoplasm (clotting)

103
Q

Lymph

A

forms interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels

  • monitored by immune system
  • recirculation of fluid = homeostasis essential
104
Q

Supportive Connective Tissue

A

less diverse with densely packed fibers

  • cartilage
  • bone
105
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline
- stiff
- reduces friction
- synovial joints

Elastic
- supportive but bends easy
- external ear & epiglottis

Fibrocartilage
- tough & durable
- prevents bone to bone contact
- knee joint, pubic bones

106
Q

Bone

A
  • mostly Ca salts
  • collagen fibers to resist shattering
107
Q

Tissue Membranes

A

epithelium supported by CT; lines portions of the body

108
Q

Types of Tissue Membranes

A

Mucous
- lines passageways w/ external connections
- digestive, respiratory, urinary

Serous
- lines cavities not open to outside
- reduce friction
- thin but strong

Cutaneous
- skin; surface of body
- thick, dry, waterproof

Synovial
- lines moving, articulating joint cavities
- produces synovial fluid
- protects ends of bones
- lacks true epithelium

109
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contraction, produces all body movement

110
Q

Skeletal Muscle tissue

A
  • cross striates, long & thin
  • voluntary
111
Q

Cardiac Muscle tissue

A
  • only in heart
  • cross striations
  • voluntary
  • networks at intercalated discs
112
Q

Smooth Muscle tissue

A
  • walls of hollow organs
  • BV, bladder, digestive tract
  • non striated
  • involuntary
113
Q

Nervous tissue

A

conducts electrical impulses

senses int/ext environment

processes info & controls responses

114
Q

2 Types of Nervous Tissue

A

Neurons & Neuroglia

115
Q

Homeostasis Restoration

A

Inflammation & Regeneration

116
Q

Inflammation (1st response)

A

mast cells release histamine, heparin & prostaglandins into surrounding fluids

BV dialtes for increases BF (redness + heat)

Permeability of capillary walls increase so plasma diffuses in (swelling)

cells break down & release enzymes that destry damaged cell + surrounding tissue

Pus = dead tissue, cell debris & fluid

enhanced circulation carries toxins away => inflammation goes down

117
Q

Regeneration

A

starts when injury/infection cleaned up

fibroblasts move in & lay down collagenous framework (scar tissue)

118
Q

Fibrosis

A

replacement of tissues with fibrous tissue

119
Q

2 Parts of Integumentary System

A

Cutaneous membrane & Accessory structure

120
Q

Layers of Keratinocytes

A

Stratum Corneum
- keratinized
- insensible perspiration (interstitial fluid lost by evaporation)
- sensible perspiration

Stratum Lucidum
- only in thick skin
- flat and no organelles

Stratum Granulosum
- produces keratin = death of ep. cells

Stratum Spinosum
- increases thickness of ep.
- spiny layer

Stratum Basale
- deepest layer of ep.
- merkel cells = response to touch
- melanocytes = pigment

121
Q

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

A

powerful peptide growth factor

produced by glands

122
Q

EGF Functions

A

division of germ. cells

speeds up keratin production

stim ep. repair

stim glandular secretion

123
Q

Dermis

A

located between epidermis & subcutaneous layer

anchors accessory structures

124
Q

2 components of dermis

A

Papillary layer
- areolar tissue
- sensory neurons, capillaries

Deep Reticular layer
- DICT with collagen & elastic fibers
- large BV & glands
- strength of skin

125
Q

Dermal strength & elasticity

A

Collagen Fibers
- strength/resilience
- limits flexibility = prevent damage

Elastic Fibers
- stretching & recoil
- flexibility

126
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous Layer
- below integument
- made of elastic & adipose
- connected to reticular by CT

Subcutaneous Fat
- lots in babies for insulation
- distribution depends on hormones
- live laugh love liposuction

127
Q

Melanin

A

Pheomelanin (orange-yllow)
- accumulates in epidermal cells & fatty tissues
Eumelanin (brown-yellow)
- stored in melanosomes & eventually transferred to keratinocytes

128
Q

Localized Differences

A

freckles = pigmented areas on pale skin

lentigos = darker more abnormal melanocytes

sentinel lentigos = pigmented areas that happen on sun exposed skin (old white people)

129
Q

Blood Circulation in skin tone

A

BV dilated from heart = reddens

BF decreases = pale

130
Q

Illness and skin color

A

Jaundice = buildup of bile by liver

Pituitary tumor = excess melanocyte stim hormone (dark skin)

Addison’s disease = excess production of ACTH

Vitiligo = loss of melanocytes

131
Q

Hair

A

located deep in dermis

wrapped in DCT

base is surrounded by sensory nerves

has stem cells

132
Q

Places humans don’t have hair

A

palms, soles, lips, portions of external genetilia

133
Q

Function of hair

A

protects & insulates

guards openings against particles & insects

134
Q

Hair growth cycle

A

grows every 2-5 years/0.33mm per day

cell roots absorb nutrients/toxins (used for diagnosis)

135
Q

End of growth cycle

A

follicle becomes inactive - club hair

connections between hair matrix & club hair root break down (shed)

136
Q

Types of hair

A

lanugo = hair around body

vellus/terminal = heavy pigmented hair

137
Q

Hair color

A

produced by melanin in hair papilla

determined by genes

138
Q

Sebaceous Oil gland

A

simple, branched alveolar that discharges sebum into hair follicles

holocrine

sebum (oily secretion) lubes hair & protects it by stopping growth of hair

139
Q

Sebaceous Follicles

A

large sebaceous glands not associated with hair follicles

discharge sebum direction onto epidermis

140
Q

Apocrine Sweat Gland

A

armpit, nipples, groin

secrete products into ducts with empty hair follicles

makes sticky, milky secretions & puberty
- odorless unless organic molec decomposed by bacteria on skin

141
Q

Eccrine Sweat Gland

A

everywhere except palms & soles

coiled, tubular glands that discharge directly onto skin surface

sensible (visible) perspiration

142
Q

Functions of Eccrine sweat gland

A

generally to reduce body temp
- excretes water & electrolytes
- flush microorganism & harmful chemicals

143
Q

Mammary glands

A
  • anatomically related to apocrine
  • development & secretion under hormonal control
144
Q

Ceruminous gland

A
  • modified sweat gland in ext ear
  • make cerumen (earwax)
  • protects eardrum
145
Q

Control of Glands

A

sebaceous & apocrine are controlled by (ANS)

Merocrine are controlled independently

146
Q

Nails

A
  • dead cells packed with keratin
  • metabolic disorder can change nail structure
  • nail body is visible portion
147
Q

Nail Diagnostic

A

Yellow = thyroid, jaundice

pitted = psoriasis

concave = iron deficiency

clubbing = hypoxemic

148
Q

Integument repair

A
  • bleeding happens
  • triggers inflammatory response
  • clotting => germ cells migrate => macrophages clean the area => fibroblasts & endothelial cells make granulation tissue => eventually collagen fibers & ground substance is made
149
Q

Burns

A

1st = only surface
- erythema (redness) = inflammation

2nd = entire ep. some dermis
- blistering but accessory structures fine

3rd = epidermis, dermis & some hypo damaged
- less painful bc nerves destroyed

4th = muscle & bones

150
Q

Aging

A

of dendritic cells decrease 50% by 21

low vit d3 => low salt absorption => weakness

low melanocyte activity = sensitive to sun

low gland activity = dry skin

low blood supply = always cold

low sex hormone = fading hair

151
Q

Components of Skeletal System

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments, CT

NOT TENDONS

152
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A

support, storage of minerals (calcium & lipids), BC production, protection, leverage

153
Q

Sutural Bone

A

small irregular between flat bone in skull

154
Q

Irregular Bone

A

complex shape, spine & coxal

155
Q

Short Bone

A

small & thick; wrist
(as wide as they are long)

156
Q

Flat Bone

A

thin with parallel surfaces; skull, sternum, ribs & scapulae

157
Q

Long Bone

A

long & thin; arms, legs, hands, feet
(longer than wide)

158
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A

small & flat; in tendons where tendons pass over joint
knees, hands, feet

159
Q

Process (bone marking)

A

projection or bump

160
Q

Ramus (bone marking)

A

part of a bone that forms an angle with the rest

161
Q

Sinus (bone marking)

A

chamber within a bone, filled with air

162
Q

Foramen (bone marking)

A

rounded passageway for BV or nerves

163
Q

Fissure (bone marking)

A

deep, furrow, cleft, or slit

164
Q

Meatus (bone marking)

A

passage or channel as opening of a canal

165
Q

Canal (bone marking)

A

duct of channel

166
Q

Sulcus (bone marking)

A

narrow groove

167
Q

Fosse (bone marking)

A

shallow depression

168
Q

Trochanter (bone marking)

A

large,rough projection

169
Q

Crest (bone marking)

A

prominent ridge

170
Q

Spine (bone marking)

A

pointed process

171
Q

Line (bone marking)

A

low ridge

172
Q

Tubercle (bone marking)

A

small, rounded projection

173
Q

Tuberosity (bone marking)

A

rough projection

174
Q

Head (bone marking)

A

expended articular end of epiphysis

175
Q

Neck (bone marking)

A

narrow connection between the epiphysis & diaphysis

176
Q

Facet (bone marking)

A

small rounded articular process

177
Q

Trochlea (bone marking)

A

smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

178
Q

Structure of Bone

A

Diaphysis (shaft)
- heave compact or dense bone
- medullary (marrow cavity)

Epiphysis (wide part at each end)
- mostly spongy (cancellous) bone
- covered in compact (cortex) bone

179
Q

Structure of flat bone

A

sandwich of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone

180
Q

Bone Matrix Characteristics

A

very dense bc of Ca salt & protein fibers

Canaliculi = forms pathway for BV & exchanges nutrients & waste

Periosteum = covers outer surface of bone

181
Q

Matrix Compositions

A

2/3 = calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite

1/3 = collagen fiber

182
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix

live in lacunae between layers of matrix

connect by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi (gap junctions)

183
Q

2 Functions of Osteocytes

A

maintain protein & mineral content of matrix

help repair damaged bone

184
Q

Osteoblasts

A

immature cell that secretes matrix compounds in osteogenesis

ossification = matrix made by osteoblasts by not calcified to be bone

osteoblasts become osteocytes

185
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

osteogenic cells divide to make osteoblasts

found in endosteum = inner layer of periosteum

helps in fracture repair

186
Q

Osteoclasts

A

large multinucleate cells = originate from monocytes

secretes acids & protein digesting enzymes

helps for organ growth

stimulated by PTH

inhibited by calcitonin & osteoprotegerin

187
Q

Homeostasis of Bone tissue

A

bone building by osteoblasts & bone recycling by osteoclasts

breakdown > building = weak

resorption > deposition = osteoperosis

188
Q

Osteon is basic unit of bone structure

A

osteocytes arranged in concentric lamellae around central canal w/ BV

perforating canal are perpendicular to central canal & car

189
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

lamellae wrapped around the long bone that binds osteons together

190
Q

Lacunae

A

hollows at junctions of lamellae

contains osteocyte

191
Q

Canaliculi

A

radiate through lamellae

connect lamellae with each other & central canal

192
Q

Structure of Spongy bone

A

no osteons

matrix has open fibers (trabeculae)

no BV

nutrients diffuse along canaliculi

193
Q

Red Bone marrow

A

fills space between trabeculae in some bones

BV = delivers nutrients to osteocytes

forms RBC

194
Q

Yellow Bone marrow

A

found in some spongy bone

adipose = E reserve

195
Q

Femur transfers weight from hip to knee joint

A

tension on lateral side of shaft

compression on medial side

center of bone is fine

196
Q

Periosteum

A

covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules

made of fibrous layer & inner cell layer containing osteoblasts & osteoclasts

secured to underlying bone with perforating fibers = connecting collagen fibers

197
Q

Functions of Periosteum

A

isolates bone from surrounding tissue

provides way for circulatory & nervous supply

participates in bone growth & repair

198
Q

Endosteum

A

lines medullary cavity, central canal

covers trabeculae of spongy bone

contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, & osteoprogenitor cells

active in bone growth & repair

199
Q

Ossification

A

process of replacing other tissues with bone

200
Q

2 Types of Ossification

A

Endochondral & Intramembranous

201
Q

Endochondral Ossification (long bones)

A

hyaline cartilage on epiphysis is replaced by bone

shaft = osteoblasts invade & replace w/ bone

epiphyseal = new cartilage is produce at same rate

202
Q

Intramembranous Ossification (flat bones)

A

bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous CT

203
Q

Bone growth at Puberty

A

osteoblasts make bone faster than chondrocytes make cartilage

epiphyseal cartilage gets narrow and eventually disappears

shows up as ep. line in X ray

ep. plate = kids/teenagers

ep. line = adults

204
Q

Appositional growth

A

compact bone thicens & strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae

Cicrum lamellae wraps around long bone to bind osteons together

205
Q

Blood supply of mature bones

A

nutrient artery & vein = single pair of large BV that enters diaphysis through nutrient foramen

Metaphyseal vessels = supply ep. cartilage where bone growth occurs

Periosteal vessels = supply blood to superficial osteons at secondary ossification centers

206
Q

Network of Lymph Vessels

A

collect lymph from branches that enter the body

reaches each osteon through perforating canals

207
Q

Sensory nerves

A

endosteum, medullary cavity, epiphyses

208
Q

Bone remodeling

A

osteocytes = remove & replace Ca salts

Osteoblasts = make new osteons

Osteoclasts = remove old osteons

209
Q

Effects of excersize

A

mineral recycling = bone adapts to stress

heavily stressed bones = thick & strong

210
Q

Nutritional & Hormonal Factors for Bone Growth

A

diet of calcium & phosphate salts

small amounts of MgF, Fe, Manganese

211
Q

Vitamin C

A

collagen synthesis

212
Q

Vitamin A

A

stimulates osteoblast activity

213
Q

Vitamin D3 & calcitrol

A

synthesize bone proteins

214
Q

Growth Hormone & thyroxine

A

stimulates bone growth

215
Q

Calcitonin & PTH

A

regulate salt levels in bone & blood

216
Q

Calcitrol

A

made in kidneys (PTH)
needed for salt absorption
synthesis needs Vitamin D3

217
Q

PTH in Ca regulatoin

A

made in PT in neck
increases Ca in blood
- increasing osteoclast activity
- increasing Ca ions absorbed & production of calcitriol in kidney
- decreases Ca excretion in kidney

218
Q

Calcitonin in Ca regulation

A

secreted in thyroid gland

decreases Ca ion in blood
- decreases osteoclast activity
decreases absorption of Ca
- increases Ca excretion in kidneys

219
Q

Fracture

A

Bleeding = clot formation, est. fibrous meshwork, death of bone cells

endo & peri cells divide & move to site to stabilize

Osteoblasts replace central cartilage with spongy bone

Osteoblasts & osteocytes remodel fracture for up to a year

220
Q

Osteopenia

A

reduced bone mass

221
Q

Osteoperosis

A

severe bone loss

222
Q

Hormones in Bone

A

estrogen & androgens help maintain

gets worse after menopause

223
Q

Ca deficiency in Bone

A

rickets = bone softening & deformity

osteomalacia = adult form of rickets (lack of Vitamin D)

224
Q

Collagen Defect in Bone

A

osteogenesis imperfecta = brittle bone

not enough collagen

225
Q

Osteogenesis

A

bone too porous

226
Q

Osteolysis

A

reduced bone mass

227
Q

Osteopenia

A

bone too soft

228
Q

What happens in Osteoporosis

A

osteoclasts dissolve bone

229
Q

What happens in Osteomalacia

A

osteoblasts make new bone

A&P I (2 decks)

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