Test # all Flashcards
What is considered normal health?
normal, fully functional, homeostasis
What does ‘Diseased’ refer to?
‘Diseased’ refers to a state of being not normal.
What are the three classifications of disease?
Subclinical, Clinical, and Terminal.
What is Subclinical disease?
Subclinical disease is below the visible symptoms, often undetected until after the fact.
What is Clinical disease?
Clinical disease is characterized by visible symptoms such as coughing, temperature, and sneezing.
What is Terminal disease?
Terminal disease is a condition that will lead to death, sometimes resulting in euthanasia.
What does Endemic mean?
Endemic refers to common sicknesses that naturally circulate, like the flu.
What is an Epidemic?
An Epidemic is a new introduction of disease to a naive population where the entire population is susceptible.
What is a Pandemic?
A Pandemic is an epidemic that crosses natural barriers and affects a worldwide population.
What are the causes of diseases?
Causes of diseases include genetic, infectious, nutritional, toxic, parasitic, hormonal, injury, and mismanagement.
What are anti-disease measures?
Anti-disease measures include prevention and control methods such as sanitation, prophylaxis, vaccination, biosecurity, and disinfection.
What is Metaphylactic treatment?
Metaphylactic treatment involves treating a whole herd to minimize the outbreak of disease, regardless of individual illnesses.
What is Therapeutic treatment?
Therapeutic treatment is aimed at individuals.
What are the capabilities of infectious agents?
Infectious agents can reproduce, survive in the environment or host defenses, be transmitted, and cause disease.
What is Quorum sensing?
Quorum sensing describes communication between bacteria populations.
What are spore-formers?
Spore-formers are a type of bacteria involved in quorum sensing.
What are the environmental controls for bacteria?
Environmental controls for bacteria include sanitation and disinfectants.
What are the animal controls for bacteria?
Animal controls include vaccines, bacterins, and toxoids.
What is the role of the immune system in the body?
The immune system protects against infectious agents through various mechanisms.
What is antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change target sites to avoid being attacked by antibiotics.
How do viruses reproduce?
Viruses must invade a host cell to reproduce, which kills the host cell.
What are RNA viruses known for?
RNA viruses are more easily mutable and harder to create effective vaccines for.
What are DNA viruses known for?
DNA viruses are more genetically stable and easier to create effective vaccines for.
What are the three options for viruses to move within an infected animal?
The three options are viremia, intercellular bridge, and syncytial cell formation.
What environment do viruses dislike?
Viruses dislike dry and hot conditions and are susceptible to disinfectants and sunlight.
What are parasites?
Parasites are organisms that live on or in other hosts at the expense of the host.
What is the lifecycle of Ostertagia Ostertagi?
Ostertagia Ostertagi, known as the brown stomach worm, has a direct lifecycle and causes significant losses in cattle.
What is hypobiosis in parasites?
Hypobiosis is a state where parasites receive signals from the environment to determine if conditions are suitable for survival.
What are the effects of worm damage on cattle?
Worm damage can lead to reduced feed intake, impaired nutrient utilization, and decreased immunity.
Why is deworming important?
Deworming enhances performance, reproduction, milk production, feed efficiency, and weight gain.
What is the economic impact of parasites in the cattle industry?
The economic impact is approximately 2 billion dollars lost per year due to decreased productivity and increased expenses.
What are external parasites?
External parasites have direct effects on animals and can act as vectors for diseases.
What is resistance in the context of parasites?
Resistance occurs when the intended target does not respond to treatment anymore.
What are the primary functions of the immune system?
The primary functions are antibody production, cell-mediated immunity, and stimulating memory.
What are the two parts of the immune system?
The two parts are the innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) immune systems.
What is the difference between MLV and killed vaccines?
MLV (modified live vaccines) stimulate full CMI, while killed vaccines are safer but require multiple doses.
What is biosecurity?
Biosecurity involves steps taken to reduce the risk of introducing disease from outside sources.
What is the pre-patent period?
The pre-patent period is the time between pathogen exposure and the onset of disease signs.
What are the steps for pest control in biosecurity?
Steps include controlling insects, minimizing visitor access, and ensuring vehicle cleanliness.
What are the types of vaccine claims?
Potential vaccine claims include prevention of infection, prevention of disease, aid in disease prevention, and aid in disease control.
What is the likelihood of immunosuppression with certain vaccines?
Less likely to be immunosuppressive
What should be avoided to maintain vaccine stability?
Don’t let them freeze because of the adjuvant, it can cause separation which can lead to anaphylactic reactions
What is the role of the adjuvant in vaccines?
The adjuvant is essential, enhances the immune response, and has improved antigen presentation
What is the risk associated with certain vaccines?
Increased risk of anaphylactic reactions
How many doses are typically required for certain vaccines?
Require 2 doses and more frequent vaccination
What do both types of vaccines stimulate?
Both stimulate antibody and B cell memory production
What are the types of bacterial vaccines?
Live vaccines, Bacterins, Toxoids, Combos, Antitoxins
What are Bacterins?
Vaccines against a whole bacteria
What are Toxoids targeted to?
Targeted to toxins
What do Antitoxins do?
Premade antibiotics, this is not a vaccine, does not stimulate the immune system, and has no memory response
What should be considered when vaccinating animals?
Not all animals respond to vaccines the same way, and we strive to protect the majority
What are the storage conditions for vaccines?
Store under proper conditions (don’t freeze or get too hot), read the label, protect from sunlight
What should not be done with vaccines?
Don’t mix vaccines together and mix up only what you can use in 1 hour
What should be done to mark syringes?
Mark syringes for different vaccines
What is important about using vaccine products?
Use products from original containers
What should never be done with a used needle?
Never re-enter a bottle with a used needle (this will contaminate the whole bottle)
What should not be used with MLVs?
Do not use disinfectant with MLVs
Where should injections be administered?
Do not inject products into top butt or leg (inject all products in neck), and use SC whenever possible
What is the triangle region used for?
Locate the triangle region for injections
What should be ensured regarding needle use?
Make sure you are using proper needle length and diameter
What should be observed regarding withdrawal times?
Observe withdrawal times (usually 21 days)
What regulates disinfectants?
Regulated by the EPA
What does ‘cidal’ mean?
Cidal means to kill
What does ‘static’ mean?
Static means inhibit growth
How effective are disinfectants on dirty surfaces?
Disinfectants don’t work on dirty surfaces, you have to clean before disinfecting
What does cleaning alone remove in a farm environment?
Cleaning alone removes –90% of bacteria in a farm environment
What is necessary for disinfectants to be effective?
Must have sufficient contact time
Can disinfectants be applied directly to animals?
Not to be applied to animals directly
What does asepsis refer to?
Asepsis- you can’t disinfect, just reduce the number of microbes
what time is it
it’s time for lunch ;)
