Test #1 Flashcards
biosecurity
What are the requirements for disease transmission?
Diseased animal(s) and susceptible animal(s). shedding a pathogen to another host that is
susceptible (right species)
Why is it important to know the methods of disease transmission?
It is important for implementing proper prevention and control measures.
What are the mechanisms of disease transmission?
exclusive or nonexclusive = different ways of transmission, Several avenues including other animals, environment (soil), equipment, insects (mobile transmission), contaminated feed or water, etc.
Are the types of disease transmission mutually exclusive?
No, some diseases can be transmitted in more than one way.
What are the types of anthrax transmission?
Direct contact to cut in skin (Cutaneous Anthrax)
Inhalation of airborne spores (Inhalation Anthrax)
Ingestion of spores (Gastrointestinal Anthrax)
same origin and pathogen but different transmission -> different type of disease
What is direct transmission?
Requires physical contact between an infected animal and a susceptible animal, and the physical transfer of microorganisms.
What are examples of direct transmission?
Direct touch, sexual contact, bite, contact with oral secretions, contact with body lesions. ex rabies
What is indirect contact transmission?
Infection from contact with a contaminated surface. microorganism must survive on inanimate object for a long time till it can contact a susceptible animal, ex. parvo
What is droplet contact transmission?
Infected droplets contact the surfaces of the eye, nose, or mouth of susceptible animals. can travel feet, can’t dry out or the pathogen can die
What is airborne transmission?
Droplet nuclei or dust particles containing microorganisms can remain suspended in air for long periods of time. pathogen dry out and survive, catch wind current and travel couple of miles
What is fecal-oral transmission?
Microorganisms enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food and water.
What is urinary transmission?
Microorganisms enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food and water, usually associated with the urinary system.
ex lepto
What is vector-borne transmission?
Vectors are animals capable of transmitting diseases, such as mosquitoes and ticks. adds another dimension to disease transmission, instead of controlling just the microorganism we have to control the vectors
How does vector behavior affect disease transmission?
Changes in vector behavior will affect the transmission pattern of a disease.
What are fomites?
Inanimate objects capable of carrying microorganisms. inanimate object, not live organism, table, floor, contaminated
What is biosecurity?
Steps taken in reducing the risk of introducing disease from outside sources, reduce likelihood of getting disease, keeping things out
What is biocontainment?
Steps taken in mitigating and reducing the spread of disease already present on an operation, controlling endemics, already spreading in, keeping things in
What are some steps for biosecurity?
Prevent entry of disease into herd (biosecurity) , prevent movement of disease within herd (biocontainment) , prevent export of disease from herd (biosecurity)
What factors increase the chance of introducing disease?
Current diseases in the herd, common area diseases, risk from replacement animals, what’s regional what diseases are in the area, bring in through contact, bring in disease through feed, how much money willing to spend/ risk willing to take
What is the pre-patent period?
The period of time between pathogen exposure/infection and signs of disease, quarantine for 30-45 days to cover most common diseases
can take days, weeks, even years!!
What are some control measures within a herd?
Maintain a closed herd, vaccinate against common diseases, isolate sick animals., closed = raise own animals, control what you bring in/ vaccinate all herd, purchased animals, or bring animals to 4h show = can quarantine or isolate
What is quarantine?
Physical separation of animals from the rest of the group to prevent direct contact, can be new animal, can be sick, could have traveled, can reduce risk of transmission
What are some pest control measures?
Insect control, rodent control, bird control, wildlife control, pets
What visitor protocols should be followed?
Minimize visitors, ensure clean hands and clothing, and limit direct contact with animals, do not allow foreign visitors on farm until they have been in the country for 5 days
What vehicle protocols should be implemented?
Develop outside vehicle flow patterns and require clean trucks for loading to decrease transmission of disease
What are some sources of disease?
Handling deadstock, which can be disposed of in several ways
What should be included in an employee biosecurity plan?
A written plan, workflow pattern, and ensuring understanding and compliance.
What is zoonosis?
Livestock transmitting disease to people, could transmit disease to people that are more immune compromised
What are additional biosecurity requirements?
Perimeter security fencing, disinfect footwear, provide disposable boots and gloves, shower-in/shower-out, no off-premise movement of animals, On-premise composting of dead animals, Vehicle tire baths, On-farm truck wash
What is the justification for biosecurity?
- Enhance/maintain profitability of the
operation - Pre-harvest food safety programs
required by packers/retailers - Continued consumer acceptance of
product - Possible economic penalties in the future
- Survival in case of bioterrorism
What is a practical biosecurity measure for animal movements?
Avoid commingling of animals from different sources, ex.
Sales, exhibitions, shows, rodeos etc.
Commingling of animals from different
sources = Very high risk, groups of animals from different operations = higher risk of
disease transmission
exclusive biosecurity
focuses on strict, complete exclusion of risks, preventing any potential disease sources from entering or interacting with the population.
nonexclusive biosecurity
more flexible approach, managing or mitigating risks without completely excluding all potential threats, allowing for some controlled interactions or exposures.
vector
insects, live living animal that picks up disease from host and carry it to another susceptible host
vector
live living animal that picks up disease from host and carry it to another susceptible host
transmission risk
Factors that increase (or decrease) chance
of introducing disease
ex. SMALL ANIMAL SWAP MEET
= high risk transmission, increasing chance of introducing disease
diagnostic program
run to see if pathogens are present currently
controlling entry
accidental introduction to pathogen, Intentional introduction (Bioterrorism)
Bioterrorism: Reduce accessibility, Reduce visibility
potential disease problems on a cow-calf op
Brucellosis
IBR
BVD
Vibrio
Trichomoniasis
Leukosis
Anaplasmosis
Johnes Disease
replacements
raised or purchased, new animal introduction increases transmission risk
what is the risk of transmission from least to greatest for replacement animals of the following 1. dealers 2. tested herds 3. auctions 4. non-tested herds
- 3.
- low risk
- non tested but could be well managed or know seller
- don’t know where it came from
- high risk
how can unwanted visitors be controlled
unwanted visitors = pests, vectors people ( cattle thieves) ->
Security lights
Gates
Padlocks on gates
clean and dirty tasks
handling feed (clean)
manure/deadstock (dirty)
ex. cleaning skid steer after hauling manure to feeding animals can transmit disease if not cleaned and disinfected properly
physical security
Ensure feed, water, inventory areas are
protected from tampering or even
sabotage
Lock certain areas
Fuel
Machinery/equipment
Pharmaceuticals
Feed additives
Hazardous materials
buffer zone
reduce access points, visual barriers (ex. trees blocking view)
what is important during animal movements?
- (before) ensure that the animal is up to date on vaccines for risk level
- Never take an unhealthy animal to a
sale/show/rodeo - Clean and disinfect equipment prior to
departure
ex. dog boarding
what can you do to prevent transmission of disease before/during taking your animal to groups of animals from different operations?
During:
1. Do not share feed, water tubs, grooming
supplies
2. Tie animals to avoid nose to nose contact
3. Avoid contact with animals other than your own
4. Monitor animals closely for disease
5. Keep area/equipment clean
After:
1. Isolate animals taken to an event from the rest of the herd
2. Prevent direct contact/shared water/shared feed bunk etc
3. Clean and disinfect all equipment
4. Monitor closely for illness
5.Handle these animals after the home herd
What is biocontainment?
A strategy to prevent the spread of disease among animals
Biocontainment includes measures to isolate sick animals and manage their care effectively.
What are key components of animal health strategies?
Vaccination/treatment protocols, management of sick animals, water/feed management
These strategies aim to maintain overall herd health and prevent disease outbreaks.
What is the purpose of a herd health program?
Boost immunity and decrease risk of disease.
A herd health program includes regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring of animal health.
Why is it important to work with a veterinarian?
To monitor disease, record increases in morbidity and mortality, and identify strange/unknown disease symptoms
Regular veterinary involvement is crucial for maintaining animal health and preventing outbreaks.
What tools are crucial for animal health product administration?
Syringes, implant guns, changing needles, sanitizing/cleaning equipment
Proper maintenance of these tools decreases the spread of disease from one animal to another.
What risks do sick animals pose in a hospital management setting?
Sick animals can spread disease to naïve animals
This commonly happens in sick pens or through shared resources.
What should be done with sick animals after treatment?
They should not be commingled with other animals and should return to their existing pen
This practice helps prevent the spread of disease.
What precautions should be taken for young, stressed, or immunocompromised animals?
They should be run through a clean system prior to sick or older animals
This helps prevent illness from contaminated facilities.
What is the role of biosecurity in animal health?
To prevent transmission of disease
Biosecurity measures are essential in controlling outbreaks and protecting animal populations.
