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Biology > Test A 2017 > Flashcards

Test A 2017 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What three parts are the hip bone constructed of?

A

Ilium, ischium and pubis

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2
Q

Bones are held together by?

A

Ligaments

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3
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12, but 13 if you include the terminal nerves

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4
Q

What is cranial nerve nr. 10 (CN X) called and what’s it main role?

A

The vagus nerve. And it’s main role is it’s parasympathetic connection to all the major organs. Head, neck, chest and abdomen

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5
Q

What’s the longest muscle in the body?

A

The sartorius muscle. Located anterior on the thigh (in the front). And the goes to the inner thighs to the back and to the front inside of the knees.

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6
Q

What is haemostasis (hemostasis)?

A

It’s a process to prevent and stop bleeding, meaning to keep blood within a damaged vessel.

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7
Q

In 1mm^3 of human blood there are how many red and white blood cells?

A

There are around 4.5 (4.1 for women) to 5.9 (5.1 for women) million in one square mm (^3). So 4.1 to 5.9 million Red blood cells
Leukocytes or white blood cells are around 5000 to 10000.

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8
Q

There are five main white blood cells, what are they called?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eisinophils

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9
Q

Which of the following food stuff start to break down in the mouth?

A

Bread, because of amylase. There is also added a kind of lipase to the saliva.

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10
Q

What is the flap that covers the air way when we eat called?

A

Epiglottis

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11
Q

What is the correct path the air travels to the lungs when we breath? First into our nose, then

A

Through pharynx (back throat), passes the larynx (voice box) and epiglottis, then into our trachea then the bronchi and onto the bronchioles

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12
Q

The female gonads are called what?

A

The ovaries

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13
Q

The main function to the kidney is to;

A

Regulate fluid balance and remove waste

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14
Q

The complete temporary dentition (baby teeth) consists of how many teeths?

A

20 teeth, these will get replaced and then 4 wisdom teeths will get added

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15
Q

HGH is produced by what gland?

A

the pituitary gland, which is regulated by hypothalamus

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16
Q

Most of oxygen in the blood is transported by what?

A

Red blood cells, and then inside the cytoplasm there is a Haemoglobin (bio molecule) that contains iron which can bind itself to oxygen

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17
Q

What scientist discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

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18
Q

Who was James Watson?

A

A man that wrote the first paper on the double helix, got nobels peace price in physiology or medicine for discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids

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19
Q

Who is Louis Pasteur?

A

The man who invented the thought of a vaccine, also an advocate for hygiene and also invented pasteurisation (the technique to kill microorganisms without destroying the food)

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20
Q

Who was Robert Koch

A

A doctor, a scientist and also founded what is now known as modern micro biology

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21
Q

What are the nucleic bases in DNA and whom to the pair with?

A

The nucleic acids in DNA is thymine, adenine, guanine and cytosine.
Adenine connects to thymine and guanine connects to cytosine
AT and GC

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22
Q

If 29% of the nucleotides bases in E.coli DNA is cytosines (C). What percentage is then adenine?

A

29% Cytosine + 29% Guanine = 58%

42% thymine and adenine pair. 21% of the nucleic bases found in E.coli is adenine

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23
Q

What is the monomers of the nucleotides?

A

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a pentose sugar (ribose)

24
Q

There are two groups of nuclec bases, what are they called?

A

Purines and pyrimidines

25
Q

Which nucleic bases are in the purines, and which are in the pyrimidines?

A

The purines are adenine and guanin and then the pyrimidines are thymine (uracil) and cytosine

26
Q

What parts are viruses made of?

A

An outer layer (made up of protein, and some have a lipid layer, like corona, this is a spikey layer called the envelope), then the cytoplasma which contains their RNA(or DNA), there are no nucleus.

27
Q

Prokaryotic organisms have two classes, which are these?

A

Bacteria and archaea bacteria

28
Q

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are

A

Prokaryotic lacks a nucleus. 90% of them have a cell wall so DNA is not enclosed, their DNA structure is circular while eukaryotic are multicellular. In eukaryotic only some fungus, protist and algae have a cell wall, no animals. Prokaryotic are not as complex or big as eukaryotic. Both have Cytoskeleton. Ribosomes. DNA.

29
Q

What organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

A

The mitochondria

30
Q

What three main types of filament protein(main components are the cytoskeleton made up of in eukaryotic cells

A
  1. Microfilaments. 2. Intermediate filaments. 3. Microtubeles
31
Q

What are the job of the cytoskeleton?

A

Internal stability, mobility, organising of the organelles and used for cell division

32
Q

What are microfilaments made up of?

A

They are mostly made up of actin, which is why they are often called actin filaments.

33
Q

What are intermediate filaments made up of?

A

Multiple proteins that differ to region and process.
Keratin in epithethial cells
Neurofilaments in neural cells
Lamin which got a structure role in the nuclear envelope
Desmin. Role in structural and mechanical support in muscle cells. And so on

34
Q

What are microtubeles made up of?

A

Tubulin

35
Q

ADP + ? = ATP

A

Phosphate

36
Q

The main function of the plasma membrane is?

A

Provide transport of molecules into and out the cell. Passive and active. Exocytosis and endocytosis.

37
Q

What are some non-membrane bound organelle?

A

Cytoplasm which is the main liquid of the cell. Most cells that have their own liquid got plasma membranes.
Ribosomes do not.

38
Q

What enzyme catalyses the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5’ strand -> 3’ strand?

A

DNA-polymerase

39
Q

The restriction point occurs in what phase of the cell cycle?

A

It occurs in the G1 phase

40
Q

If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is X, then the same DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be;

A

2X

41
Q

Human and liver cells each contain what?

A

The same DNA and the same genes, but different cells activate different genes. But all of the cells comes from stem cells made in the bone marrow.

42
Q

In meiosis, the sister chromatide separate from one another during what phase?

A

Anaphase II in meiosis

43
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides (around 150-200 pairs) which are synthesised discontinuously and are later linked up by the enzyme DNA polymerase and used in DNA replication

44
Q

If a person has two similar alleles of a gene then that’s called

A

Homozygous

45
Q

In mitosis, what phase is the DNA replicated?

A

S phase

46
Q

When does the chromosome segregate?

A

In the anaphase I and II in the M phase

47
Q

What are Mendels two laws?

A

First law. Mendel’s law of segregation. If there is two alleles, there’s a even chance to pass it on.
Second law. Mendels law of independent assortment. Each gene trait don’t interfere with one another. This means that they work independently and we can work on them independently.

48
Q

What does dominant and recessive gene means?

A

If a gene is dominant then that gene will express itself if it makes an appearance like Rr.

49
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Phenotype is what gene that comes to expression

50
Q

What are the three types of eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Labile cells. (Proliferative, undergo cell cycle often)
  2. Stable cells. (Stable, rested, don’t undergo cell cycle unless enough stimulus is added)
  3. Permanent cells
51
Q

What are labile cells?

A

Labile cells are cells that are constantly going through cell division and cell cycle. Ex. Epithelial cells. Skin, GI tract(gastrointestinal tract), urinary tract.
Also hemotopoetic stem cells in red bone marrow

52
Q

What are hemotopoetic stem cells?

A

Hemotopoetic stem cells are multi potent primitive cells that can develop into all types of blood cells(red, white, blood plates). Including myeloid lineage and lymphoids-lineage cells

53
Q

What are stable cells?

A

Stable cells are ok with not replicating, but with strong enough stimulus they will under replication. They are stable and rested. Examples are.
The liver. The epithelium of the kidney tubules.

54
Q

What are permanent cells(amitotic cells)?

A

Permanent cells are cell that once they go through the cell cycle they will never undergo it again. These cells are also called amitotic cells. Ex.
Neurons. Skeletal muscle cells. The cardiac muscle.

55
Q

Which three chromosome errors can cause Down syndrome?

A
  1. Trisomy. 94% of all with downs have this type of error. This is where there is an error in the duplication of chromosome and makes an extra one, so one pair becomes of triplet. A total of 47 chromosomes.
  2. Translocation Down syndrome. Here chromosome 21 moves and becomes attached to another chromosome before birth.
  3. Mosaic Down syndrome. This is the most rare form, where the person has some cells with an extra chromosome 21.
56
Q

Who is ignaz semmelweis

A

Ignaz semmelweis is the man who started washing his hands

Biology (5 decks)

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