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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

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2
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribose nucleic acid

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3
Q

What are the four nucleotides, and what group and whom do they pair with?

A

The two purines (adenine, guanine) pairs with the two pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine) Adenine pairs with thymine, or if it’s meant to be transported outside for translation and transcription then the thymine will be uracil. And then guanine and cytosine

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4
Q

Which enzyme cuts the DNA strand in two in term of either replication or transcription?

A

DNA polymerase

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5
Q

What is the strand that gets translated in the nucleus called?

A

mRNA

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6
Q

In transcription what is the unit who carries the anti codon to the ribosome to match the codons?

A

tRNA

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7
Q

And what is then codon and anti codon?

A

Codon is the three numbered nucleotide that’s in charge of coding amino acids, and then ultimately the protein.
The anti codon is the matching nucleotides to the codon, the tRNA is the one carrying the anti codon and attached to the codon is an amino acid

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8
Q

How many amino acids do we use?

A
  1. Some says 22. But let’s go for 20
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9
Q

What is an allele?

A

An allele is the variation of the gene. We each have to alleles of each gene, one from our mother and one from our father

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is the basic unit of inheritance. Genes are passed from the parents to the offspring, and contains information about physical and biological traits.

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11
Q

What is the chromatin?

A

The chromatin is the nucleic acid (DNA) and then add the proteins (histones) that DNA is wrapped around.

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12
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is either the one we get from dad, or mom. It is also the original and copied version of a chromosome. Where the x is a chromosome and also to sister chromatids

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13
Q

In the process of replication. When a chromosome has duplicated itself and made itself into an X instead of an I
What is the centre of the X called?

A

Centromere

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14
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

A chromatid is basically the copied and the original chromosome. Where individually one is called a chromatid, both can be called sister chromatids. When they split, each is called chromosomes. No longer connected

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15
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of a cell replicating itself into two identical daughter cells.

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16
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

It’s the specific process in replication where the cell have acquired to nucleuses and then the cytoplasm of the cell splits into two different cells

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17
Q

What is the prepping stage of mitosis called?

A

Interphase

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18
Q

What are the three sub-phases of interphase?

A

G1, s-phase and G2

19
Q

What happens in the three sub-phases of interphase?

A

G1. (Grow phase 1) here the cell is growing, dublicating its organelles, it’s enzymes and protein (synthesizing), and also repair thymidine Dimers(helps fix and overlook DNA).
S-phase. (Synthesis phase) here is where the chromosomes are replicating, so we get 4x chromatid and 2X chromosome pairs. Also duplication of centrosomes happens here.
G2. (Grow phase 2) here the cell is growing again and getting ready for the next main phase.

20
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

Centrosomeres is the main organising organelle in animal cells. It is also called cytocenter. It helps organise and regulate of the cell-cycle progression, it’s also a part of the cyto-skeleton and provides structure to the cell

21
Q

What is a centromere?

A

A centromere is an organelle connecting the two sister chromatids together in mitosis.

22
Q

What is the difference between the centromere and a centrosomes?

A

Well first both are involved in the cell cycle and cell division. Centrosomes only occur in animal cells, where they regulate the cell cycle and organise the microtubeles. And are outside the nucleus. In mitosis it will also duplicate.
Centromeres occur in all eukaryotic cells and are responsible for the movement of replicated chromosomes to the daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis

23
Q

What is the first stage of mitosis called?

A

Prophase.

24
Q

What is the four phases of mitosis and what is the correct order?

A

The four phases in correct order is prophase -> (prometaphase) -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase

25
Q

What are the tree things a cell in eukaryotic cells have? See it in light of mitosis

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Nucleus (DNA is replicated)
  3. Cytoplasma
26
Q

What stage in the cell cycle is where the cells use most of their time?

A

G1 stage in interphase and G0 for neuro and muscle cells (permanent cells)

27
Q

How many protein-coding genes is confirmed our DNA contains, and how many proteins have we confirmed the body actually makes?

A

We predict we have around 19500 confirmed protein-coding genes that produce functional polypeptides. And from those we have around 16500 confirmed

28
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Multiple thing happens in interphase, first of all most of time a cell lives in this phase, it’s here it does most of the growing, creating different polypeptides and also synthesising DNA and getting ready for mitosis. G1-S-G2

29
Q

What is kinetechores and what is it’s job?

A

Kinetechores is a protein involved in duplication of chromosomes. It assembles in the centromere where it helps chromosome attach to the microtubeles which came from the mitotic spindle

30
Q

What is the mitotic spindle?

A

The mitotic spindle is a structure that helps segregate the sister chromatids and helps the movement and positioning of these chromatids.

31
Q

What protein is used as “glue” in the sister chromatids?

A

The protein that holds the sister chromatids together are cohesin.

32
Q

What happens during prophase and prometaphase?

A

In prophase the condensation of the chromatids begins, this continue til the metaphase. Cohesin is also largely removed from the sister chromatids so they can be resolved and separated.
In prometaphase begins with the fragmentation of the nuclear envelope(nucleus membrane) which will eventually be split between the daughter cells. The fragmentation is important for the spindle to form because the centrosomes are outside the nucleus. Here microtubules are quickly assembled and disassembled as they grow out of the centrosomes. The microtubules connects to the kinetechores in the sister chromatids, they are still attached to each other but at the end of prometaphase the sister chromatids are connected to the microtubules and their opposite pole.

33
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Here the chromosomes reach their most compact state. Also an important check point happens here where the chromosome temporarily stops and if the spindle isn’t probably assembled then the cells won’t go into anaphase.

34
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

The process from metaphase and into anaphase is marked by the separation of sister chromatids.
Two classes of movement happens in anaphase, first the shortening of the microtubules between the centrosomes and the kinetechores, and the second part is where the spindle poles separate as the non-kinetechores moves past each other.

35
Q

What happens in telophase and cytokinesis?

A

Mitosis ends with telophase, or the stage at which the chromosomes reach their poles. The chromosomes then decondense into their interphase forms.
Lastly cytokinesis happens, this is where the cytoplasm gets split equally between the two daughter cells.

36
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a form of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms. Here two nuclear division happens, meiosis I and meiosis II, which leads to 4x haploid gametes.

37
Q

What’s the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

There are several differences. The first is that in mitosis is used in asexual reproduction with the product being somatic and diploid cells(2n). There is no crossing over between the maternal and paternal chromosomes, and also only two cells will be produced.
The process of meiosis is used in sexual reproduction of haploid cells(1n) and the product cells are gametes. Here the chromosomes will cross over, so the maternal and paternal chromosomes get fused together. And the results ends with 4x cells.

38
Q

What’s the stages and phases of meiosis?

A

First of all we got the stages meiosis I and meiosis II. In these stages we got the same phases as in mitosis, prophase/prometaphase and metaphase, anaphase and then telophase.

39
Q

What is gametes?

A

Gametes is egg or sperm cells, which contains 1n, per se 23 chromosomes (not pairs)

40
Q

Interphase in meiosis, what phases are there?

A

Almost the same as mitosis, except after the synthetic phase (S-phase), meiosis I will begin

41
Q

In DNA, how many hydrogen bindings are between adenine and thymine, and between guanine and cytosine?

A

Adenine and thymine got two hydrogen connections, while guanine and cytosine got three hydrogen connections

42
Q

What is the human genome?

A

The human genome is the entirety of the human DNA.

43
Q

What is the bacteria genome?

A

The bacteria genome is both the bacteriachromosome and the plasmids

Biology (5 decks)

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