Test 9: Respiratory

Question 1

Asthma

Answer 1

A disease caused by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli, which results in episodic narrowing and inflammation of the airways.

Question 2

Antihistamines

Answer 2

Any drugs that oppose the action of histamines.

Question 3

Rhinitis

Answer 3

Inflammation or irritation of the nasal passages, resulting in runny nose, nasal congestion, and/or postnasal drainage.

Question 4

Rhinorrhea

Answer 4

A thin watery discharge from the nose.

Question 5

Expectorants

Answer 5

An agent, such as guaifenesin, that promotes the clearance of mucus from the respiratory tract.

Question 6

Viscosity

Answer 6

The state of being sticky or gummy.

Question 7

MDI

Answer 7

metered-dose inhaler

Question 8

Mucolytics

Answer 8

Pert. to a class of agents that liquefy sputum or reduce its viscosity.

Question 9

Allergy

Answer 9

An immune response to a foreign antigen that results in inflammation and organ dysfunction.

Question 10

Myalgia

Answer 10

Tenderness or pain in the muscles; muscular rheumatism.

Question 11

Histamine

Answer 11

A substance produced from the amino acid histidine, which causes dilation of blood vessels, increased secretion of acid by the stomach, smooth muscle constriction (e.g., in the bronchi), and mucus production, tissue swelling, and itching (during allergic reactions).

The release of histamine from mast cells is a major component of type I hypersensitivity reactions, including asthma.

Question 12

Bronchodilator

Answer 12

A drug that expands the bronchi by relaxing bronchial muscle.

Question 13

Anti-inflammatories

Answer 13

An agent that suppresses or treats inflammatory diseases or conditions.

Question 14

Emphysema

Answer 14

changes result in a loss of the normal elastic properties of the lungs and difficulty exhaling air. Alveolar septa are destroyed, and portions of the capillary bed are eliminated. Residual volume increases. Tobacco smoking is the most common cause of the tissue destruction found in emphysema. Exposure to environmental dust, smoke, or particulate pollution may also contribute to the disease.

Question 15

Hypercapnia

Answer 15

An increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood, typically to levels greater than 45 or 50 mm Hg.

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood result from inadequate ventilation or from massive mismatches between ventilation and perfusion of the blood. When CO2 levels are greater than 45 mm Hg, cerebral vasodilation can occur. Some of the common symptoms of hypercapnia include dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, tremors, and twitching.

Question 16

Antitussives

Answer 16

An agent that prevents or relieves coughing.

Question 17

Decongestants

Answer 17

1. Reducing congestion or swelling.

2. An agent that reduces congestion, esp. nasal.

Question 18

Anoxia

Answer 18

absence of oxygen

Question 19

Hypoxemia

Answer 19

decreased oxygen concentration of arterial blood

Question 20

Hypoxia

Answer 20

oxygen deficiency in body tissues

Question 21

oxygenation

Answer 21

saturation or combination with oxygen, as the aeration of the blood in the lungs

Question 22

Ventilation

Answer 22

getting air in and out

Question 23

Bronchospasm

Answer 23

Abnormal narrowing of the lumen of the bronchi due to spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle.

Question 24

Sympathomimetic

Answer 24

Adrenergic; producing effects resembling those resulting from stimulation of the SNS, such as effects following the injection of epinephrine.

Question 25

Dextromethorphan (Benylin DM)

Answer 25

A: suppresses cough reflex Use: cough suppression S.E.: CNS - high dose, dizziness, sedation, nausea N.C.: no fluids immediately after, shake well before administering, check lung sounds Cont: MAOI's, SSRI's, chronic productive cough, alcohol intolerance

Question 26

Guaifenesin (Robitussin)

Answer 26

A: reduces viscosity of secretions by increasing resp. tract fluid Use: cough with upper resp. infection S.E.: dizziness, headache, N/V/D, stomach pain, rash, urticarial N.C.: give with full glass of H2O, lung sounds Cont: alcohol/aspartame intolerance

Question 27

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

Answer 27

A:degrades mucus, allowing easier mobilization and expectorant. Use: used to thin thick viscid mucous secretions. S.E.: drowsiness, bronchospasm, N/V, rash N.C.: adequate fluids, suction equipment, rinse PT mouth and wash face after treatment (sticky) Cont: caution; asthma and history of bronchospasm, history of GI bleed

Question 28

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

Answer 28

A: antagonizes effects of histamine at H1 receptor sites. Use: relief of allergic symptoms caused by histamine release S.E.: drowsiness, anorexia, dry mouth N.C.: give w/ meal to min. GI issues Cont: acute asthma attacks, allergy

Question 29

Fexofenadine (Allegra)

Answer 29

A: antagonizes effects of histamine at H1 receptor sites, also has drying effect on nasal mucosa. Use: seasonal allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticarial S.E.: drowsiness, fatigue, dyspepsia, dysmenorrhea N.C.: give with food/milk, maintain good fluid intake Cont: caution; impaired renal function

Question 30

Cetirizine (Zyrtec)

Answer 30

A: antagonizes effects of histamine at H1 receptor sites. Use: seasonal allergies, chronic urticarial S.E.: dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, pharyngitis, dry mouth N.C.: give w/out regard to food, lung sounds, sufficient fluids Cont: hypersensitivity

Question 31

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)

Answer 31

A: stimulates alpha & beta adrenergic receptors, vasoconstriction in respiratory tract mucosa and possibly bronchodilation. Use: Nasal congestion from URI, with antihistamines for allergies, to open Eustachian tubes. S.E.: seizures, anxiety, nervousness, cardiovascular collapse, palpitations, anorexia N.C.: give at least 2 hours before bed, monitor vitals, assess condition Cont: HTN, coronary artery disease, MAOI

Question 32

Mometasone (Nasonex)

Answer 32

A: locally acting anti-inflammatory and immune modifier Use: allergic rhinitis, tx of nasal polyps S.E.: headache, pharyngitis, adrenal suppression, decreased growth in children N.C.: monitor growth in children, use lowest therapeutic dose possible Cont: hypersensitivity

Question 33

Flunisolide (Aerobid)

Answer 33

A: long-acting anti-inflammatory and immune modifier Use: tx asthma as prophylactic treatment S.E.: headache, hoarseness, nasal congestion, pharyngitis, taste changes, N/V/D, flu-like syndrome N.C. use lowest possible dose, monitor for adrenal insufficiency Cont: acute attack of asthma, status asthmaticus

Question 34

Fluticasone and salmeterol (Advair)

Answer 34

A: long-acting anti-inflammatory and immune modifier Use: tx asthma as prophylactic treatment S.E.: oral fungal infection, headache N.C.: use lowest possible dose, rinse mouth after use Cont: status asthmaticus

Question 35

Montelukast (Singulair)

Answer 35

A: decreases inflammatory process Use: prevention & chronic treatment of asthma, seasonal allergies S.E.: suicidal thoughts, CNS, tremor, increased liver enzymes N.C.: give 1x day in PM, give granules w/out regard to meal Cont: hypersensitivity, caution; hepatic impairment

Question 36

Cromolyn (Intal)

Answer 36

A: prevents release of histamine from sensitized mast cells Use: long-term control of bronchial asthma S.E.: nasal irritation, resp. irritation, nausea, unpleasant taste N.C.: give 30 min before meals and at bedtime Cont: acute attacks of asthma

Question 37

Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)

Answer 37

A: causes bronchodilation Use: rescue med for acute bronchospasm S.E.: nervousness, tremor, restlessness, chest pain, palpitations N.C.: shake inhaler well, 1-5 min between puffs, < 8 years old use spacer Cont: hypersensitive to adrenergic amines

Question 38

Epinephrine (adrenalin)

Answer 38

A: produces bronchodilation, inhibits release of mediators from mast cells Use: management of reversible airway disease or severe allergic reactions S.E: nervousness, tremor, restless, angina, arrhythmias, HTN, tachycardia, vomiting N.C.: monitor vitals, watch for rebound bronchospasm Cont: hypersensitivity

Question 39

Ipratropium (Atrovent)

Answer 39

A: bronchodilation Use: maint. therapy of reversible airway obstruction due to COPD including emphysema and chronic bronchitis S.E.: hypotension, EENT issues, GI irritation, rash N.C.: give after bronchodilator, wait 5 minutes between meds Cont: ombivent = soy/peanut allergy

Question 40

Theophylline (Theo-Dur, aminophylline)

Answer 40

A: bronchodilation Use: long-term control of reversible airway obstruction caused by asthma or COPD S.E.: seizures, anxiety, arrhythmias, tachycardia, nausea vomiting N.C.: give around clock, monitor vitals Cont: hypersensitivity.