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Perf tech II > test 9 > Flashcards

test 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of immunity

A
  • System that protects individual against invasion by microorganisms and foreign substances
  • Must recognize and destroy invaders – BUT do no damage to normal body tissue
    - phagocytosis and/or membrane lysis
    - destruction take place at point of infection
  • white blood cells, antibody and the complement system – variety of chemical mediators
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2
Q

Antigen

A
  • anything foreign that enters the body

- can bind to antibody and/or can bind to receptors on the T or B cells

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3
Q

Antigen Examples

A
  • Microorganisms (bacteria / viruses / parasites / fungi / yeasts)
  • Allogeneic cells (transplant or transfusion)
  • Malignant cells (cells turn cancerous)
  • Infected cells (cells inhabited by viruses / certain bacteria / parasites)
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4
Q

Target Cells

A
  • antigenic cells that will be destroyed by immune system
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5
Q

Immunogen

A
  • any substance that can stimulate an immune response
  • all are antigenic (can bind with antibody)
  • not all antigens are immunogens (not all antigens will exhibit an immune response)
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6
Q

Pathogen

A
  • antigen with ability to cause disease

- usually microorganism or toxin

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7
Q

Leukocytes: aka. White Blood Cells

A
  • Avg adult has 75 billion circulating WBCs
  • NORMAL COUNT: 5,000 to 10,000 per mL
  • Neutrophils: 40 to 75% of total
  • Lymphocytes (T Cells / B Cells): 20 to 45%
  • Monocytes: Up to 8%
  • Eosinophils and basophils very little
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8
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Most numerous, named for granules in cytoplasm
  • hang out in the lymph nodes
    - š Neutrophils
    - š Basophils
    - š Eosinophils
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9
Q

Monocytes

A
  • dont have granules
  • circulating in the blood stream
  • do not enter extravascular space
  • š Large white cells
  • š Become macrophages in body tissues
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10
Q

what is a monocyte called when it goes into the tissue?

A
  • macrophage
  • becomes a lot larger
  • job is to gobble stuff up
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11
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • dont have granules
  • Differentiate into B- and T-cells
  • specific immune response
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12
Q

Granulocytes: Neutrophils

A
  • Made in hematopoietic marrow
  • 50% circulate
  • 50% adhere to blood vessel wall
    - moves from vasculature to the tissues
  • phagoctotic
  • Produce about 100 billion per day
  • First to enter infected areas
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13
Q

when the body has noticed a foreign substance, what happens first

A
  • neutrophils go to that area
    - š Attracted via chemotaxis
    - š Phagocytize invading organism
    - š Die
    - š Phagocytized by macrophages
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14
Q

Granulocytes: Eosinophils

A
  • Develop and mature in hematopoietic marrow
  • Appear where FOREIGN PROTIENS and PARASITES are
  • Involved in allergic reactions (secrete histamine)
  • Have binding sites for specific antibodies and complement proteins
    - Designed to destroy cells coated with:
    - IgG antibodies
    - IgE antibodies
    - Complement proteins
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15
Q

Where are eosinophils and what are they effective against

A
  • Reside in tissues (do not circulate)
    š - Skin, bronchi, bronchioles
  • Release antitoxin (Major Basic Protein) to destroy organisms (can also destroy normal tissues)
  • Very effective against parasitic worms
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16
Q

Granulocytes: Basophils

A
  • Least common
  • Have chemotaxis and phagocytic activity
  • Main fxn: RELEASE OF HEPARIN in areas of foreign invasion to prevent blood clots from forming => allows WBC to get to that area to destroy foreign organism
  • Also release histamine causing vessel dilation
  • Circulate in blood
  • Have receptors for IgE antibody
  • Similar to mast cells
    - Also contain histamine granules
    - š Also have surface receptors for IgE antibody
    - š Mast cells do not circulate – remain in tissues. Basophils are NOT in tissues
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17
Q

Monocytes (Macrophages)

A

-š Produced in bone marrow
-š Circulate immature
-š Leave the blood and travel to the tissues
-š Monocytes in blood for 1-2 days
š- Macrophages in tissues for months to years

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18
Q

Lymphocytes

A

o Specific immune response when antigen invades
o Activated when they recognize foreign matter
o Circulate in blood
o Wait in lymph nodes for antigens to appear
o Play a role in rejection of organ transplants

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19
Q

T-Lymphocytes (aka. T-Cells)

A
  • Once T-Cells recognize – bind antigen
    - Release cytokines (interleukins)
  • Different types of T-cells:
    - Helper T-Cells (CD-4)
    - Cytotoxic T Cells (CD-8)
    - Regulatory / Suppressor T Cells
    - Memory T Cells
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20
Q

Antibody Molecules

A
  • Protein molecules: (also called) =immunoglobulin
  • Produced by B lymphocyte cells (plasma cells) in response to a specific antigen
    - after initial exposure, takes 14 days to reach full power (lag time)
  • Always present in small amounts
    - blood & body tissues
  • Five classes IgG; IgM; IgD; IgA; IgE
  • Must bind with the outer surface of the antigen to be effective
    - antigen binding site unique
  • Cannot cross cell membranes
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21
Q

Antibody Molecules function

A
  • opsonize (coat antigen with antibody) antigen (mark antigen for destruction)
  • activate complement cascade
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22
Q

Fab portion of the B cell

A

Variable

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23
Q

Fc portion of the B cell

A

constant

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24
Q

surface of B cells trigger

A

production of antibodies

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25
Q

B cell receptors and communication with the inside of the cell

A
  • uses co-receptor to translate the signal down inside the cell
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26
Q

simple function of B cell function

A
  • resting B cell encounters antigen (B cell has binding site for it) and bind the antigen to the B cell binding site
  • stimulates the B cell and starts to produce antibodies
  • once B cell becomes activated by the atigen, it becomes a plasma cell (actively secrete antibodies)
27
Q

What cells actively secrete antibodies

A
  • Plasma B cell
28
Q

When specific B cells come in contact with their specific antigen

A
  • Produce more B cells that have that specific receptor which produce more antibodies
  • it’s not just one B cell that produces all of the antibodies
29
Q

Opsonization

A
  • Coating of antigen with antibody and complement
    - Provides targeting mechanism for the phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages allowing them to bind, engulf, and destroy the antigen
  • Provides points where the phagocytes can attach to the antigen
  • Phagocytic cells have two specific receptors on their membrane surface
    - Fc receptor: binds with antibody
    - š C3 receptor: binds with complement
30
Q

Antigen Destruction Mediated by Antibody

A
  • Opsonization
  • Lysis
    - complement activation leads to production of the
    membrane attack complex (MAC)
    - the MAC will lyse the antigens membrane
  • Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
    -cell destruction carried out by natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils of target cells opsonized by antibody
  • Neutralization
    -antibody renders the antigen toxins harmless
31
Q

Antibody Classes

A
  • Five classes
    - IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgE
  • Most antibodies are IgG or IgM
  • Class determined by amino acid aarrangements in heavy and light chains
    - same arrangement in specific area of change
32
Q

IgM Antibody class

A
  • First antibody produced against an antigen by the B cells / plasma cells
  • First antibody produced by the fetus
    - increased levels indicate infection in newborn
  • Accounts for 10 to 15% of circulating antibody
  • High levels of IgM in the blood means new infection
  • Very large – remains in vascular system
  • Main function to activate complement system
  • Can cause antigen agglutination
  • Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies are the IgM type
  • Function: Activate Complement
33
Q

IgD Antibody Class

A
  • Second class of antigen to be released
  • Not much is known about this class
  • Found only in small amounts in serum and body fluids
  • Has little immunologic effect on antigen
  • May assist with the maturation of B cells into plasma cells
34
Q

IgE Antibody Class

A
  • Third class of antibodies released
  • Found in very low concentrations in plasma
  • Increases with allergic reactions and parasitic infections
    - causative agent for asthma, hay fever and other allergic reactions
  • Bind with basophils and mast cells stimulating them to release HISTAMINE
  • Involved with anaphylactic reactions
35
Q

IgG Antibody Class

A
  • Fourth class released
  • Most Important
  • Most potent
  • Comprises 80% of antibody in the immune system
  • when it sees it for the second time, that is when there is best response
    - Secreted by Memory B Cells
  • only antibody that can cross the placenta
    - provides immunologic protection for fetus
36
Q

Rh antibody

A
  • it is an IgG antibody
  • mother is negative (has antibody to Rh factor) and wants to attack a Rh positive
  • child that is Rh positive will get attacked by the Rh antibodies and cause cell lysis
37
Q

IgG subgroups (4)

A
  • IgG1 - protects body from (most) bacteria
  • IgG2 – attacks and destroys organisms encased in a saccharide coat (rest of the bacteria)
  • IgG3 – activates complement proteins (enhances phagocytosis of antigen)
  • IgG4 – produces potent vasodilators (protects bronchioles)
38
Q

IgA Antibody Class

A
  • Major antibody in the body fluids and mucous secreted by the mucous membranes
  • Binds with antigen to immobilize it – allows mucin (main ingredient of mucous) to remove antigen-antibody complex
  • Cannot activate the complement system
  • Can trigger cell-mediated immune reactions
39
Q

Heaviest Immunoglobulin

A

IgM

40
Q

Highest immunoglobulin serum levels in the blood

A

IgG1 and IgG2

41
Q

Longest immunoglobulin half life

A

IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4

42
Q

Immunoglobulin good for opsinization

A

IgG1

43
Q

Immunoglobulin that stimulates our mast cells and involved in allergic rxns

A

IgE

44
Q

Immunoglobulin best for activation of compliment system

A

IgM and IgG3

45
Q

Immunoglobulin best for transport across epithelium

A

IgA

46
Q

Immunoglobulin best for transport across placenta

A

IgG1

47
Q

Immunoglobulin best for diffusion into extravascular sites

A

IgG

48
Q

Immune System

A
  • Protects individual against infectious pathogens
  • Must recognize and destroy harmful invaders – but do no damage to normal body tissue
  • Major players - white blood cells, antibody and the complement system – variety of chemical mediators
  • innate and adaptive
49
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • no control
  • First line of defense – always present (skin)
  • Able to respond quickly
  • epithelial barriers / phagocytes / complement / natural killer cells
  • Uses general recognition mechanisms to detect antigen
  • Does NOT produce long term immunity to antigen
  • INFLAMMATION
50
Q

Innate macrophage activity process

A
  1. bacterium binds to receptor on cell surface
  2. Engulfment into phagosome
  3. Degradation (phagolysosome)
  4. Brought back to surface and spit it out
51
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • Responds to specific antigen
    - can be non microbial
  • Develops after exposure to antigen
  • Slow response
  • Produces very powerful response
  • Lymphocytes (T & B cells) are the major players
52
Q

Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity

A
  • Specificity: immune reaction specific for offending antigen
  • Diversity: lymphocytes can respond to millions of antigens
  • Memory: lymphocytes can remember any antigen previously encountered
  • Self-regulation: lymphocytes can shut down activity after antigen is destroyed
  • Self-tolerance: lymphocytes can distinguish self-tissue from non self tissue
53
Q

Recognition mechanisms of innate immunity

A
  • rapid response (hours)
  • invariant (doesn’t depend on invader, it will be the same way every single time)
  • limited number of specificities
  • constant during response (acts the same way no matter what)
  • destroys foreign invader
54
Q

Recognition mechanisms of adaptive immunity

A
  • slow response (days to weeks)
  • variable (depends on invader)
  • numerous highly selective specificities
  • improve during response
  • destroys foreign invader
55
Q

phases of immune response

A
  • cognitive phase (first phase)
    - antigen interacts with the T lymphocytes
  • activator phase (second phase)
    - T cells respond by releasing cytokines
    - cytokines stimulate proliferation of T & B cells
  • effector phase (third phase)
    - granulocytes / macrophages / complement activated
    - antigen opsonized and engulfed
56
Q

T Lymphocytes

A
  • Direct immune response against protein antigen
  • Responsible for the type of white cells that respond and how they respond
  • T cells must recognize the antigen
    T cell response to antigen is called CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
57
Q

Role of T Cells

A
  • Direct immune response
  • Assist phagocytosis via release of cytokines that activate other phagocytic cells
  • Destroy malignant cells, allogeneic cells and infected cells via lysis
  • Aid B cells / plasma cells in antibody production
  • Involved with delayed hypersensitivity immune reactions
  • Cause some types of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation
  • Responsible for certain types of autoimmune disorders
58
Q

T Cell Production

A

š- Produced in bone marrow
š- Mature in thymus
- cells trained to distinguish self-tissue from non self tissue
- Leave thymus – travel to secondary lymphatic organs
- lymph nodes
-š spleen
š -tonsils

59
Q

Types of T Cells

A
  • Categorized by protein molecules on cell membrane (i.e. CD8+ / CD4+)
60
Q

MHC class II

A
  • Extracellular antigen
  • endocytosis of the antigen and breaks it down by the phagolysosome
  • MHC class II binds to broken down antigen and presents it at the cell surface
  • comes in contact with receptors on the CD4 T Cell
61
Q

MHC class I

A
  • Intracellular antigen
  • broken down by proteosome
  • broken down antigen transported to ER and binds to MHC class I
  • brought to surface of the cell
  • comes in contact with the receptor on the CD8 cell
62
Q

Process of B cells and T cells working together

A
  • Digested protein bound into a groove on the MHC molecule on surface of dendritic cell
  • Dendritic cells present antigen to CD4 cells (T Helper)
  • Finds a CD4 T-cell (naïve – hasn’t interacted with other antigens)
    - š If T-Cell Receptor (TCR) of CD4 T-Cell sees a peptide it recognizes -> Becomes active -> divides and releases cytokines
    - help induce a B-cell to make antibodies
  • Meanwhile – antigen is also recognized by naïve B-cells with immunoglobulin molecule
    - Antigen binds to immunoglobulin on B-Cell.
    - ingested and digested by B-cells and react with activated T-cell to make antibodies
  • CD4 cell recognized antigen peptide on dendritic cell will recognize peptide present on the B-cell.
    - CD4 cell activated
  • Activated CD4 cell with MHC-peptide on B-cells will
    induce B-cells to become activated => releases antibodies
63
Q

CD40 marker

A
  • B-cells have CD40 marker on cell surface
  • CD4 cells (activated helper) have a ligand CD40L
  • CD40 : CD40L = costimulation
  • NEED CO-STIMULATION TO MAKE ANTIBODIES

Perf tech II (16 decks)

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