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Biology Unit 1 > TEST > Flashcards

TEST Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Similarities of eukaryote + prokaryotes

A

Cell membrane
Cytosol
Ribosomes
Contain DNA

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2
Q

Differences of eukaryote + prokaryotes

A

E- Membrane bound organelles
P- No nuclear membrane
E- Many linear chromosomes and P have one circular chromosome
E- Larger in size

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3
Q

How does cell size effect the efficiency of the cell?

A

Cells need to exchange materials within their environments
Gases, water, nutrients and to get rid of waste
If the cell is to large, unable to carry out the exchange of sufficient materials with the environment

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4
Q

Which is better for a cell, a low or high SA:V? Why?

A

High SA:V because material will be able to cross the membrane faster to accommodate the increased cellular volume.

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules spread out through a space
Constant motion
Area of high concentration to low concentration to establish equilibrium
Molecules move down/along conc Gradient

E.G Oxygen

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6
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Molecules like glucose are to large and have to pass through a protein channel

They combine with a protein carrier molecules in the pm

E.G Glucose

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7
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through semi permeable pm

Net movement of free water molecules from an area of low solute conc to high solute conc across pm

E.g H20

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8
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement from a region of low conc to a region of high conc
Requires carrier protein to form channels that allow the passage of molecules and ions
Move against conc Gradient
Requires energy to do this (ATP)

E.G ions, glucose

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9
Q

Bulk Transport

A

Requires the use of ATP

Endocytosis and exocytosis

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10
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretes substances from the cell like hormones, mucous, waste
enclosed in the vesicle, fuses to the pm & release the contents outside the cell

If the substance in a solid the process is phagocytosis
If the particles are very small in liquid it’s pinocytosis

E.G secretion of hormones

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11
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process in which material are taken into cells by invagination of pm

This allows for small sacklike vesicles to be pinched off the pm, carrying with them their enclosed material

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12
Q

invagination

A

the action or process of being turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a cavity or pouch.

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13
Q

Autotroph

A

Use energy and inorganic molecules to produce organic compounds

Self producers

E.G plants, algae (photosynthetic), Bacteria, archea (chemosynthetic)

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14
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Obtain organic compounds by eating other organisms or their products

E.G animal, fungi, protists and Bacteria

Consumer

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15
Q

What is the primary source of energy for photosynthesis? What captures this energy
?

A

Light energy is transformed into chemical energy and gets stored into sugars

Chloroplasts

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16
Q

What are the inputs and output for photosynthesis?

A

Inputs - water, carbon dioxide

Outputs- glucose, oxygen

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17
Q

What are the inputs and outputs for cellular respiration? Which organelle does this
occur in?

A

Inputs- Glucose, oxygen

Outputs- carbon dioxide, water and ATP

Occurs in mitochondria

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18
Q

When would photosynthesis occur at a greater rate than cellular respiration in plants

A

In bright light

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19
Q

When would cellular respiration occur at a greater rate than photosynthesis in a
plant?

A

When the plant receives no light

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20
Q

When would the rates be the same?

A

In dim light

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21
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart
Very thin and don’t stretch, great diameter then an artery, prevent backflow of blood with valves

E,g of veins vena cava, pulmonary vein

22
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart
Walls are thick and elastic
Transport of blood away from the heart under pressure

E.g of arteries aorta, pulmonary artery

23
Q

Capillaries

A

Thin walls allow for efficient gas and nutrients exchange
Each cell in the body is near a capillary
Nutrients and oxygen can pass directly into each cell
One cell thickness

24
Q

Describe the passage of blood through the circulatory system

A

Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve

25
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

A

Gas Exchange Between Alveolar Spaces and Capillaries.

26
Q

How does O2 and CO2

cross this site? What is its purpose?

A

inhaled oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries

carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries to the air in the alveoli.

It is very dangerous if carbon dioxide builds up in your body, so your blood carries the carbon dioxide to your lungs where it is released into the air when you breathe out or exhale

27
Q

What features makes the respiratory system an efficient site for gas exchange?

A

Lungs alveoli and capillaries

28
Q

What type of malfunctions occur in the circulatory systems and
how does this effect the body?

A

Atherosclerosis- hardening of arteries

high blood pressure — causes the heart to work harder and can lead to such complications as a heart attack, a stroke,

29
Q

What type of malfunctions occur in the Respiratory systems and
how does this effect the body?

A

Emphysema- alveoli are damaged and lose their elasticity and SA decreases , become swollen and restrict airflow

Pneumonia- Baterical/viral infection, inflamed, pus and fluid & reduce SA

30
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Pyruvate are produced in cytosol by glycolysis into mitochondria
Broken down to CO2 + H2O along a complex path
Every 2 molecules of pyruvate 34 molecules of ATP are generated

31
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

2 Pyruvate are converted in cytosol to lactic acid, alcohol and carbon dioxide, 2 ATP is produced

32
Q

Glycolysis

A

It’s in cytosol and generates 2 ATP molecules and 2 pyruvate per molecule of glucose (no oxygen is required)

33
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A 
Glycolysis 
Aerobic respiration (if oxygen is available) or anaerobic respiration (if oxygen isn’t available)
34
Q

Chemical equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6+ 6O2—> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36ATP

35
Q

Chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6H20 + 6CO2 —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

36
Q

Advantages of a light microscope

A

allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.

37
Q

Advantages of a electron microscope

A

higher resolution and are therefore also able of a higher magnification (up to 2 million times)

38
Q

Polar molecule

A

Is slightly charged

39
Q

+ means

A

Charged

40
Q

Xylem tissue

A

Transports water (transpiration)

41
Q

Phloem Tissue

A

Transports water and glucose or sugar

42
Q

Lysis

A

To break down

43
Q

Thylakoids

A

Stacked membranes

44
Q

Unstacked regions

A

unstacked regions called grana and stroma

45
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

Veins

46
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

Arteries

47
Q

Disadvantages of light microscope

A

Not a high enough magnification

48
Q

Disadvantages of electron microscope

A

Expensive, specimen must be dead

49
Q

Anaerobic word equation

Human

A

Glucose —> Lactic acid + ATP

50
Q

Role of pigment in photosynthesis

A

Absorbs light energy to covert it into chemical energy to produce sugars

51
Q

Features of respiratory system which make it an efficient site for gas exchange

A

Large SA:V - for quick and efficient gas exchange
Moist- allows for gases to dissolve from alveoli into blood by diffusion
Large supply of capillaries- enable transport omg gases/nutrients to cells
Thin membrane- decreases the distance that the gases need to travel, which increases the rate at which gas exchange occurs

52
Q

Circulatory interconnection and respiratory

A

Circulatory pumps oxygenates blood around the body, once it’s done s cycle it becomes deoxygenated and is taken to the respiratory where it becomes oxygenated again and goes through the next cycle

Biology Unit 1 (4 decks)

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