TEST Flashcards
(52 cards)
Similarities of eukaryote + prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Cytosol
Ribosomes
Contain DNA
Differences of eukaryote + prokaryotes
E- Membrane bound organelles
P- No nuclear membrane
E- Many linear chromosomes and P have one circular chromosome
E- Larger in size
How does cell size effect the efficiency of the cell?
Cells need to exchange materials within their environments
Gases, water, nutrients and to get rid of waste
If the cell is to large, unable to carry out the exchange of sufficient materials with the environment
Which is better for a cell, a low or high SA:V? Why?
High SA:V because material will be able to cross the membrane faster to accommodate the increased cellular volume.
Diffusion
Molecules spread out through a space
Constant motion
Area of high concentration to low concentration to establish equilibrium
Molecules move down/along conc Gradient
E.G Oxygen
Facilitated Diffusion
Molecules like glucose are to large and have to pass through a protein channel
They combine with a protein carrier molecules in the pm
E.G Glucose
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through semi permeable pm
Net movement of free water molecules from an area of low solute conc to high solute conc across pm
E.g H20
Active Transport
Movement from a region of low conc to a region of high conc
Requires carrier protein to form channels that allow the passage of molecules and ions
Move against conc Gradient
Requires energy to do this (ATP)
E.G ions, glucose
Bulk Transport
Requires the use of ATP
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Exocytosis
Secretes substances from the cell like hormones, mucous, waste
enclosed in the vesicle, fuses to the pm & release the contents outside the cell
If the substance in a solid the process is phagocytosis
If the particles are very small in liquid it’s pinocytosis
E.G secretion of hormones
Endocytosis
Process in which material are taken into cells by invagination of pm
This allows for small sacklike vesicles to be pinched off the pm, carrying with them their enclosed material
invagination
the action or process of being turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a cavity or pouch.
Autotroph
Use energy and inorganic molecules to produce organic compounds
Self producers
E.G plants, algae (photosynthetic), Bacteria, archea (chemosynthetic)
Heterotrophs
Obtain organic compounds by eating other organisms or their products
E.G animal, fungi, protists and Bacteria
Consumer
What is the primary source of energy for photosynthesis? What captures this energy
?
Light energy is transformed into chemical energy and gets stored into sugars
Chloroplasts
What are the inputs and output for photosynthesis?
Inputs - water, carbon dioxide
Outputs- glucose, oxygen
What are the inputs and outputs for cellular respiration? Which organelle does this
occur in?
Inputs- Glucose, oxygen
Outputs- carbon dioxide, water and ATP
Occurs in mitochondria
When would photosynthesis occur at a greater rate than cellular respiration in plants
In bright light
When would cellular respiration occur at a greater rate than photosynthesis in a
plant?
When the plant receives no light
When would the rates be the same?
In dim light
Veins
Carry blood to the heart
Very thin and don’t stretch, great diameter then an artery, prevent backflow of blood with valves
E,g of veins vena cava, pulmonary vein
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
Walls are thick and elastic
Transport of blood away from the heart under pressure
E.g of arteries aorta, pulmonary artery
Capillaries
Thin walls allow for efficient gas and nutrients exchange
Each cell in the body is near a capillary
Nutrients and oxygen can pass directly into each cell
One cell thickness
Describe the passage of blood through the circulatory system
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve
