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Biology Unit 1 > EXAM > Flashcards

EXAM Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A 
All organisms have cells
Come from pre-existing 
Basic function of life 
All cells have: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA + ribosomes 
Types of cells (Eukaryote, Prokaryote)
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2
Q

Eukaryote + prokaryotes

A

Cell membrane
Cytosol
Ribosomes
Contain DNA

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3
Q

Differences of prokaryotes + eukaryote

A

E- Membrane bound organelles
P- No nuclear membrane
E- Many linear chromosomes and P have one circular chromosome
E- Larger in size
P- nucleic acids
E- create a variety of intracellular environments

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4
Q

The coordination of systems in the body is carried out by?

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

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5
Q

Hypothalamus

A

releasing hormones. regulating body temperature.Near pituitary gland

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6
Q

How is sugar regulated by the body

A

Insulin, glucagon. rise and fall to keep blood sugar in a normal range.
blood sugar drops too low, the level of insulin declines and other cells in the pancreas release glucagon, which causes the liver to turn stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the blood.

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7
Q

What are the effects of too much sugar in the blood

A

Can increase risk of getting heart disease and stroke, kidney disease, vision problems, and nerve problems.

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8
Q

How does the body regulate blood sugar levels without eating for 12 hours

A

pancreas makes insulin. Insulin helps control your blood sugar levels by assisting the cells that absorb sugar from the bloodstream

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9
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormones

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10
Q

Nerve cells that carry information away from receptors and along the axons to the cell body are called

A

Sensory neuron

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11
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance which is released at the end of a nerve fibre by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse

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12
Q

Endocrine

A

denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood

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13
Q

Synapses

A

Gap between neurons

Chemical messages sent between them

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14
Q

What does the bloodstream do for hormones

A

The bloodstream carries the hormone to the liver and muscle cells. When the hormone binds to the cell, glucose is taken from the bloodstream into the cell, where it is then converted into glycogen.

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15
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

The pancreas contains special cells that sense when there is too much glucose in the blood and then it releases insulin into the bloodstream.

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16
Q

What happens to glycogen when our blood glucose levels increase

A

Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle tissue and the overall response is to lower the blood glucose level, returning it to a normal level.

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17
Q

Controlled variable

A

Everything you want to remain constant and unchanging. Type of plant used, pot size, a,puny of liquid, soil type

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18
Q

Dependent variable

A

The change that happens because of the independent variable .The height it health of the plant

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19
Q

Independent variable

A

The one thing you change. Limited to only one in an experiment .Liquid used to water each plant

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20
Q

Light compensation point

A

Level of light at which he rate of p and cr of a photosynthetic organisms equals the same

Not net oxygen exchange
O2 is equal to amount used and produced

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment in the face of a changing external environment

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22
Q

Endocrine System

A

Controls levels of blood glucose, hydration, heat productivity, sexual maturity,growth of cells and tissue

Use chemical messages

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23
Q

Increasing temperature

A 
Vasoconstriction 
Seek shelter
Goose bumps
Clothes
Brown fat
Metabolism 
Shivering
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24
Q

Decreasing temperature

A 
Sweating
Vasodilation
Slowing metabolism 
Remove clothes
Covered in water
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25
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Regulates conc of water in an organism in order to prevent fluids from becoming to concentrated or diluted
transports nutrients
Gas exchange surfaces have to be moist
Osmosis and passive diffusion

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26
Q

Negative feedback

A

Negative feedback counteracts the initial stimulus as it generates a response in the opposite direction

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27
Q

Positive Feed back

A

Intensify the variable creating more
breast milk production
Not found in homeostasis

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28
Q

Food chains

A

Series of links between different organisms based on feeding relationships

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29
Q

Food webs

A

There are 100 food chains linked in a food web

most organisms eat more than one type of food

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30
Q

Trophic levels

A

Feeding levels in a food web

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31
Q

Trophic levels& consumers

A

1st trophic level = primary producers
2nd trophic level = herbivores (primary consumers)
3rd trophic level= carnivores (secondary consumers)
4th trophic level= carnivores (Tertiary consumers)

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32
Q

Classifications of organisms hierarchy

7

A 
Kingdom 
phylum 
class 
order 
family 
genus 
species
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33
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit

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34
Q

Commensalism

A

One species benefits

One isn’t affected

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35
Q

Parasitism

A

One species benefits one is harmed

36
Q

Amensalism

A

One dies

One isn’t affected

37
Q

Physiological

A

Internal response triggered by the external environment to maintain homeostasis

If a skunk is threaded it will spray

38
Q

Structural

A

Physical feature

Elephant has big ears

39
Q

Behavioural

A

Changes behaviour to suit environment

Person wears a jumper if it’s cold

40
Q

Mangrove adaptations

A

Salt glands on leaves allow salt from the water to be excreted.
pneumatophores get oxygen and nutrients from roots
cable roots allow for the plant to attach on the ground

41
Q

Desert animal adaptations

A 
Henle loop
Metabolic water
Nocturnal 
Burrows
Humps to store fat
Big ears
Fur lined pouches
42
Q

Desert plant adaptations

A 
Thick cuticles
Spikes to scare of predators
Hang vertical for less sun exposure
Long roots
Store water
Reduced transpiration
43
Q

Biomimicry

A

Products designed on structures found in nature

BULLET TRAIN KINGFISHER
- The beak shape is aerodynamic

LED LIGHTS FIREFLIES
- Bioluminescence
Textured light bulb to allow All light to be used
light can reflect backwards and get lost
- Jagged scales abdomen 55% efficient
44
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of living organisms that live in an ecosystem

Terrestrial aquatic

45
Q

Keystone species

A

is a species that has a large effect on its natural environment relative to the wildlife surrounding .

Cassowary eats fruits and poops out sees then they create new plants

46
Q

Population changes

A

Birth and immigration

Death and emigration

47
Q

Aerobic respiration occurs where?

A

Mitochondria

48
Q

Anaerobic respiration occurs where?

A

Cytosol

49
Q

In the circulatory system

A

Systematic circulation transports blood to and from the rest of the body

50
Q

Hypotonic solution red and blue

A

more water than particles

51
Q

Hypertonic solution blue and red

A

There are more particles than water

52
Q

Why do muscle cells contain more of mitochondria then skin cells

A

Skin cells aren’t involved in active movement of the body and don’t require as much ATP compared to muscle cells

53
Q

Antagonistic

A

Hormone that acts in opposite direction hormone

54
Q

Ectotherms

A

lizards,there internal body temperature changes to the external environment
cold blooded

55
Q

Endotherms

A

Human, internal temperature stays the same regardless of outside
Warm blooded

56
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Use chemicals to produce its own food

57
Q

Detrivores -

A

Eat small particles of dead plant and animal organic matter

Slugs

58
Q

Density-independent factors

A

Regardless of population size

59
Q

Target cells

A

Specific receptors, produces a response by the target cell

60
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Released by the pituitary gland controlled by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

Stimulates reabsorption of water

61
Q

Density-dependant factors

A 
Rate of birth and death
Competition 
Predation
Crowding
Parasitism
Infectious disease
62
Q

How do hormones get to places

A

Bloodstream

63
Q

Decomposer

A

Bacteria and fungi that break down dead material

64
Q

Type 1 diabetes doesn’t produce

A

Insulin

64
Q

Hypothesis links

A

IV and DV and mentions higher or lower

64
Q

How is information transmitted from the receptor to the control centre

A

Interneuron or sensory neuron

65
Q

Loop of henle

Kangaroo Rat

A

Longer

Reabsorbs water

66
Q

Osmoreceptor

A

Water receptors

Found in hypothalamus

67
Q

Binomial name of a species

A

Is unique to a species

68
Q

Members of the same class must also be the members of the same..

A

Phylum

69
Q

Positive feed back e.g

A

Breastmilk production

Labour and child birth in mammals

70
Q

Physiological eg for penguins

A

Counter current heat exchange system

71
Q

Which response is more specific nervous or endocrine

A

Nervous response

72
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The max. Number of a particular organism that an ecosystem can support

73
Q

Advantages of using a scientific name

A

conveys information about the relationship of the species to other species

gives some information about the bird based on the genus it is found in

using a scientific name ensures that scientists know they are discussing the same organism.

74
Q

Scientific name consists of

A

Genus and species

75
Q

How to determine how closely related a species is on a phylogenetic tree

A

How close there branches are and how short they are is the closest species

76
Q

Loop of henle is

A

Structural

77
Q

Physiological e.g for kangaroo rat

A

Concentration of urine

Doesn’t need to drink water very often or at all

78
Q

Increased Blood glucose levels

A 
Stimulus-⬆️ BGL
Receptor- Chemoreceptor
Control Centre- Pancreas (releases insulin)
Effector- liver
Stores glucose into glycogen
Response- low BGL = homeostasis
79
Q

Decreased Blood Glucose Levels

A 
Stimulus- ⬇️BGL
Receptor- Chemoreceptor
Control Centre- Pancreas (releases glucagon )
Effector- liver
Turns glycogen into glucose
Response- high BGL = homeostasis
80
Q

Increased body temperature

A 
Stimulus- ⬆️body temp
Receptor- thermoreceptor
Control centre- hypothalamus (brain)
Effector- vasodilation of blood vessels (sweating)
Response- low body temp= homeostasis 
Metabolic rate up and down -E
81
Q

Decreased body temperature

A 
Stimulus- ⬇️body temp
Receptor- thermoreceptor
Control centre- hypothalamus (brain)
Effector- vasoconstriction of blood vessels (increased metabolic rate hair stand up shiver)
Response- high body temp= homeostasis
82
Q

Increased blood water conc

A 
Stimulus- ⬆️blood water conc
Receptor- osmoreceptor
Control centre- pituitary gland releases less ADH
Effector- kidney
Response- large volume of diluted urine
83
Q

Decreased blood water conc

A

Stimulus- ⬇️blood water conc
Receptor- osmoreceptor
Control centre- pituitary gland releases moreADH
Effector- kidney
Response- small volume of concentrated urine

84
Q

Nothing visible in a solution

A

Cells burst

85
Q

Blood cells in original plasma liquid acts as a

A

Controlled variable

Biology Unit 1 (4 decks)

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