Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CU: Abnormal Psychology > Test 6: Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders > Flashcards

Test 6: Eating and Sleep-Wake Disorders Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What are the characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa?

A

1) Binge eating
- Excess amounts in discrete time period
- Perceived as uncontrollable
- Associated with guilt, shame, or regret (may be)
- Hide from family members (may)
- High in sugar, fat, or carbs (often)
2) Compensatory behaviors:
- purging (most common)
– most common: self-induced vomiting
– other: diuretics or laxatives
- Excessive exercise
- Fasting or food restriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the associated physical features of Bulimia Nervosa?

A
  • Most within 10% normal body weight, have more body fat
  • Purging can result in severe medical problems
    – death
    – electrolyte imbalance
    – kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, intestinal problems, permanent colon damage
    – erosion of dental enamel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the associated psychological features of Bulimia Nervosa?

A
  • Overly concerned with body shape (most)
  • Fear of gaining weight, but most have normal body weight
  • Comorbid psychological disorders (80% anxiety)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are medical consequences of Bulimia Nervosa?

A
  • Salivary gland enlargement causes by repeated vomiting (cubby face)
  • Erosion of dental enamel
  • Electrolyte imbalance –> cardiac arrhythmia and renal failure
  • Intestinal problems from laxative abuse
  • Calluses on fingers and hands from stimulating gag reflex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the defining characteristics of anorexia nervosa?

A

Extreme weight loss
- calorie restriction below energy requirements
- binging and purging (may)
- 15% below expected weight
- intense fear of weight gain and losing control over-eating
- relentless pursuit of thinness
- often begins with dieting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the associated features of anorexia nervosa?

A
  • Marked disturbance in body image (most)
  • Comorbid with other psychological disorders (most)
  • Organ damage: cardiac damage (heart attack and death)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the defining features of binge eating disorder?

A

(New to DSM)
- No compensatory behaviors
- Associated with distress and/or functional impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the associated features of BED?

A
  • Obesity (many)
  • Concerns about shape and weight (some)
  • Older than bulimics and anorexics
  • More psychopathology than non-binging obese people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the facts and statistics of Bulimia Nervosa?

A
  • Majority are female: 90%+
  • Onset: typically adolescence
  • Median age: 18-21
  • Lifetime prevalence: 1.1% females, 0.1% males
  • College women: 6-7%
  • Tends to be chronic if left untreated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the facts and statistics of Anorexia Nervosa?

A
  • Majority: female & white, middle-to upper-middle-class families
    – High expectations,
    – perfectionistic
    – Non-communcative
    – Concerned with outward appearance
  • Usually develops around early adolescence
  • More chronic and resistant than bulimia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the causes of Bulimia and Anorexia?

A

1) Culture
- media portrayals: thinness linked to success and happiness
- Cultural emphasis on dieting
- Standards of ideal body size: change like fashion, difficult or impossible to achieve
2) Biological
- partial genetic component
- deficits in serotonin (binging)
3) Psychological and behavioral
- low sense of personal control and self-confidence
- perfectionistic attitudes
- distorted body image
- preoccupation with food
- comorbidity: anxiety and mood disorders
(Interacting: dietary restraint, family influences, biological & psychological dimensions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the psychosocial treatments of bulimia nervosa?

A

CBT
- treatment of choice
- identifying maladaptive thinking patterns and behavioral habits, then gradual practice of new habits
- learn to eat small, frequent meals,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the medical treatment of Bulimia Nervosa?

A

Antidepressants
- Have some effectiveness
- Can help reduce binging and purging behavior
- Usually not efficacious in the long-term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the psychological treatment of binge eating disorder?

A
  • CBT: similar to that used for bulimia, appears efficacious
  • Interpersonal: equally effective as CBT
  • Self-help techniques: also appear effective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What goals of psychological treatment of Anorexia Nervosa?

A
  • Weight restoration: first and easiest goal to achieve
  • Psychoeducation
  • Rx: have not been found to be effective
  • Behavioral and cognitive interventions: targets food, weight, body image, thought, and emotion
  • Treatment often involves the family
  • Long-term prognosis for anorexia is poorer than for bulimia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the background and overview of obesity?

A
  • BMI of 30+
  • Not DSM disorder but may be a consequence
  • 2008: 33.8% US adults
  • 2010: 37.5% US adults
  • Mortality rates: closely associated with smoking
  • Increasing more rapidly in children/teens and developing countries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is night eating syndrome?

A
  • Occurs in 7-19% obesity treatment seekers
  • Occurs in 55% bariatric surgery seekers
  • Features:
    – consume 1/3+ daily caloric intake
    – get up during the night to eat
    – patients are wide awake, not binge eating, eat high caloric foods
    – often skip breakfast next morning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are causes of obesity?

A
  • technological advancement
  • more common in affluent families
  • 30% by genetics
  • biological, psychosocial, and personality factors also contribute
19
Q

What are obesity treatments?

A
  • efficacy: moderate success with adults, greater in children and adolescents
  • treatment progression: least to most intrusive options
    1) Self-directed weight loss programs: not effective for most people
    2) Commercial self-help programs
    3) Behavior modification programs
    4) Bariatric surgery
20
Q

What is the difference between the two major types of sleep disorders?

A
  • Dyssomnias: difficulties in amount, quality, or timing of sleep
  • Parasomnias: abnormal behavioral and physiological events during sleep
21
Q

Why is sleep important?

A
  • Just a few hour’s sleep deprivation decreases immune functioning
  • Sleep deprivation affects all aspects of daily functioning: energy, mood, memory, concentration, attention
  • Sleep loss may bring on feelings of depression in non-depressed individuals: can have antidepressant effects in depressed individuals
22
Q

What can be used to evaluate sleep?

A

Polysomnographic evaluation
- Electroencephalograph (EEG): brain wave activity
- Electrooculograph (EOG): eye movements
- Electromyography (EMG): muscle movements
- detailed history, assessment of sleep hygiene and sleep efficiency

Actigraph: portable wearable device sensitive to movement: can detect different stages of wakefulness/sleep

23
Q

What are the defining features of insomnia?

A
  • Problems initiating/maintaining sleep
  • Only diagnosed as sleep disorder if not better explained by different condition (GAD)
  • One of most common sleep disorders (33% adults)
  • Important to inquire about awake behavior
  • 35% adults report feeling tired during the day
24
Q

What are the facts and statistics of insomnia?

A
  • Often associated with medical and/or psychological conditions
  • Affects females twice as often as males
25
Q

What are the associated features of insomnia?

A
  • Unrealistic expectations about sleep
  • Believe lack of sleep will be more disruptive than it usually is
26
Q

What are the defining features of hypersomnolence disorder?

A
  • Sleeping too much/excessive sleep: long nights of sleep or frequent napping
  • Experience excessive sleepiness as a problem
27
Q

What are the facts and statistics of hypersomnolence disorder?

A
  • Often associated with medical and/or psychological conditions
  • Only diagnosed if other conditions don’t adequately explain hypersomnia, which should be primary complaint
28
Q

What are the associated features of hypersomnolence?

A
  • Complain of sleepiness throughout the day
  • Able to sleep through the night
29
Q

What are the defining features of narcolepsy?

A
  • Principle symptom: recurrent intense need for sleep, lapses into sleep or napping
  • with at least one of:
    – Cataplexy: can range from slight muscle weakness to sudden loss of muscle tone or physical collapse
    – Hypocretin deficiency
    – Going into REM sleep abnormally fast (<15min), as evidenced by polysomnographic measures
30
Q

What are the facts and statistics of narcolepsy?

A

Rare condition
- 0.03%-0.16%
- Males = Females
- Onset: adolescence
- Typically improves over time

31
Q

What are the associated features of Narcolepsy?

A
  • Cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations
  • Daytime sleepiness does not remit without treatment
32
Q

What are the breathing-related sleep disorders?

A
  • Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea: airflow stops, respiratory system works
  • Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): Respiratory system stops for brief periods
  • Sleep-Related Hypoventilation: Decreased breathing during sleep not better explained by another sleep disorder
33
Q

What are the facts and statistics of breathing-related sleep disorders?

A
  • Obstructive sleep apnea occurs in 10-20% of population
  • More common in males
  • Associated with obesity and increasing age
34
Q

What are the associated features of breathing-related disorders?

A
  • Persons are usually minimally aware of apnea problem
  • Sleeps for a normal amount of time but never feels rested
  • Often snore, sweat during sleep, wake frequently
  • May have morning headaches
  • May experience episodes of falling asleep during the day (due to poor sleep quality at night)
35
Q

What is Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake disorder?

A
  • Disturbed sleep leading to distress and/or functional impairment
  • Due to brain’s inability to synchronize day and night
  • Nature of circadian rhythms:
    – Circadian rhythms: do not follow a 24 hour clock
    – Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Brain’s biological clock, stimulates melatonin
  • Examples: Shift work type (job leads to irregular hours), familial type (associated with family history of dysregulated rhythms)
36
Q

What are the medical treatments for sleep disorders?

A

1) Insomnia
- benzodiazepines and over-the-counter sleep medications
- prolonged use: rebound insomnia, dependence, excessive sleepiness, benzos-overdose = death
- best as short-term solution
2) Hypersomnia and narcolepsy:
- stimulants (Ritalin)
- Cataplexy usually treated with antidepressants
3) Breathing-related sleep disorders:
- Medications, weight loss, mechanical devices, surgery
4) Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
- Phase delays: move bedtime later (best approach)
- Phase advances: move bedtime earlier (more difficult)
- Use of very bright light: trick brain’s biological clock

37
Q

What are psychological treatments for sleep disorders?

A
  • CBT:
    – psychoeducation about sleep
    – changing beliefs about sleep
    – extensive monitoring using sleep diary
    – practicing better sleep-related habits
  • Relaxation and stress reduction:
    – reduces stress and assists with sleep
    – modify unrealistic expectations about sleep
  • Stimulus control procedures
    – improved sleep hygiene, lifestyle behaviors that facilitate sleep
    – For children: setting a regular bedtime routine
38
Q

What is the nature and classes of parasomnias?

A
  • Nature
    – problem not with sleep itself
    – problem is abnormal events during sleep or shortly after waking
  • Classes
    1) those that occur during REM (i.e. dream) sleep
    2) those that occur during non-REM sleep
39
Q

What are the types of Non-REM Sleep Arousal Disorders?

A
  • Recurrent episodes of either/or:
    – Sleep terrors: recurrent episodes of panic-like symptoms during non-REM sleep
    – Sleepwalking
  • Individual has no memory of the episodes
  • Typically occurs within first few hours of deep sleep
40
Q

What are the facts, associated features, and treatments of sleep terrors?

A
  • More common in children (~6%)
  • Child cannot be easily awakened during episode
  • Child has little memory of it the next day
  • A wait-and-see posture of treatment
    – Scheduled awakenings prior to the sleep terror
    – severe cases: antidepressants (Imipramine) or benzodiazepines
41
Q

What are the facts and associated features of sleep walking?

A

Somnamulism
- Person must leave the bed
- Problem is more common in children than adults
- Problem usually resolves on its own without treatment
- Seems to run in families
- May be accompanied by nocturnal eating

42
Q

What are the characteristics of the nightmare disorder?

A
  • Repeated episodes of extended, extremely dysphoric dreams leading to distress and/or impairment in daily life
  • Not adequately explained by other conditions
43
Q

What are the facts and associated features of the nightmare disorder?

A
  • 10-50% children
  • 1% adults
  • During REM sleep
  • Often awakens sleeper
  • Treatment may involve antidepressants and/or relaxation
44
Q

What are the characteristics of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder?

A
  • Repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalization and/or complex motor behaviors
  • Causes impairment or distress: often major problem is injury to self or sleeping partner

CU: Abnormal Psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions