Test 1: Lecture Flashcards
What are the standards for defining abnormal behaviors?
1) Societies Norms: Rules of right and wrong; what to do when, where, and with whom (diff culture to culture)
2) Statistical Rarity: Substantial deviation from the calculated average (“average” may be immoral)
3) Personal Discomfort: Unhappy about their person (still may be abnormal even if they are happy with it)
4) Maladaptive Behavior: Daily demands of life cannot be met
5) Deviation from an ideal: Stray from an ideal to a greater or lesser degree (who creates the ideal?)
What are the basic categories when considering signs of a mental disorder?
- Behavior is harmful to self or others
- Poor reality contact
- Inappropriate emotional reaction
- Erratic behavior
What is a psychological dysfunction?
Associated with distress and/or impairment in functioning - it is a breakdown in functioning in cognition, emotion, and behavior.
Think 4 D’s:
- dysfunction (disrupt social/occupational/daily),
- distress (unpleasant/upsetting: affect others),
- deviance (different, extreme, unusual: statistical/cultural deviance)
- Danger (interfere w/ life or risk of harm)
What are the distress and impairment aspects of psychological dysfunction? Rule of thumb?
Distress: normal in certain situations
- dysfunctional: person MUCH more distressed than others would be
Impairment: Must be pervasive and/or significant
- Mental disorders are often exaggerations of normal processes
Rule of Thumb: mental disorder - harmful dysfunction
What is the DSM? Current version? Use?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Menal Disorders
Five
- Standard for abnormal behavior: keeps mental health workers on same page (criteria)
What are the mental health professionals for psychopathology?
(Scientific study of psychological disorders)
- Ph.D. research
- Psy.D. clinical, hands-on
- MD: psychiatrist, medications (not counseling)
- Psychiatric Nurses: often hospitals
- LCSW: Licensed Clinical Social Worker: delivering treatment (Masters Level)
- Science-practitioner: current with research, evaluates own assessments & treatment, conducts research
What starts the clinical description?
Presenting problem: what pt says
What does the clinical description describe?
- Clinically significant dysfunction vs common human experience
- Prevalence: # people in population with it
- Incidence: # new cases over certain time
- Onset (Acute vs insidious (gradual))
- Course: episodic, time-limited, chronic
- Prognosis: Good/guarded
Consider age of onset, which may shape presentation
What about causation, treatment, and outcomes of a psychological disorder?
Etiology: cause/origin, what contributes to development of the psychopathology
Treatment: include pt because they need to own it.
- How alleviate psychological suffering
- Pharmacological, psychosocial (counseling), and/or combined treatments
What are aspects of the supernatural tradition? (view, causes, treatment, alternative view, other)
- Abnormal is a battle of “Good” vs “evil”
- Causes: demon possession, witchcraft, sorcery
– possessions: treat w/ shocking/scaring out spirits - Treatment: exorcism, torture, religious services
- Insanity caused by emotional “stress and melancholy” = anxiety and depression (competing, coexisting view)
– treatment: rest, sleep, healthy environment, baths, potions - Mass hysteria
- Moon and Stars: their pull, –> “lunatic”
How has mass hysteria been seen in the past and today?
- Past: Saint Vitus’s Dance/Tarantism
- Today:
– Emotion contagion - emotion experience seems to spread
– Mob psychology: person ID “cause” assume reactions same source
What are the aspects of early biological tradition?
Hippocrates: Father modern Western medicine extended by Galen
- Etiology of mental disorders is physical disease, brain chemical imbalances
- Hysteria: “the wandering uterus” (psychological symptoms from uterus moving around body)
- Humoral theory: too much/little, Blood (sanguine - cheerful, optimistic, insomnia, delirium), phlegm (phlegmatic- apathy sluggishness), black bile (melancholic, depressive), yellow bile, (hot tempered)
– treatment: change environmental conditions, bloodletting/vomiting
What about the aspects (specific disease, hospitals, treatments, consequences) of 19th century biological tradition?
- General paresis (syphilis) and the biological link w/ madness
– symptoms, cause: bacterial, treat penicillin - Grey: reform hospitals better care
- Treatment: Psychotropic meds, electric shock, surgery, insulin, tranquilizers
- Consequences: increased hospitalization, seen as untreatable, improved diagnosis/classification, increased science
What about the psychological tradition treatment?
- moral therapy: treat as normally as possible, more humane treatment, social interaction
What caused the decline in the moral therapy?
- Too many hospitals, not enough staff
- Patient staff ratio - too large
- No leaders to follow previous leaders
- Medical model emerged (use of meds)
What about psychoanalytic theory?
- Freudian: unconscious (buried emotions), catharsis (release emotion)
– structure of mind: id, superego, ego - Defense mechanisms: displacement & denial, rationalization & reaction formation, Projection, repression & sublimation
– psychosexual stages of development: conflict arise & must be resolved: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
What are later developments of psychoanalytic thought?
- Anna Frud: self-psychology, ego influence
- Klein, Kernberg: object relations theory: incorporate significant others in images, memories, values
- Neo-Freudians: de-emphasized sexual core
- Unearth hidden conflicts: real problems, free association, dream analysis, little efficacy
What about the humanistic theory?
- Intrinsic human goodness, striving for self-actualization
- Person-centered therapy (Carl Rogers)” empathy & unconditional positive regard, minimal interpretation. No evidence, more effective for normal life
- Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow, basic needs fulfilled first then higher needs (self-esteem)
What is the behavioral model history and people associated with it?
- From scientific approach
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov & Watson) unconditioned & conditioned stimuli, association or extinction
- Watson: more scientific, Little Albert (white)
- Mary Cover Jones: treat phobias with exposure and extinction
- Thorndike: Law of effect repetition based on good/bad consequences
- Skinner; Behavior operates on environment & managed by consequences
- Behavior therapy: new associations and habits,
- Wolpe: systematic desensitization
What is the current approach to psychopathology?
- Broad approach
- Multiple, interactive influences: biological, psychological, social factors
- Scientific emphasis: no more supernatural, advances in neuroscience and cognitive and behavioral science will add to our knowledge
What can effect mood and what can mood effect? What about emotions?
Individuals and circumstances can effect mood and vice versa
Emotions can affect physiological feelings and vice versa.
What is a one-dimensional model of psychopathology?
A model that explains behavior from one cause (one paradigm, school, or conceptual approach) that then ignores information from all other areas
What is a multidimensional model of psychopathology?
It is a model that explains behavior in an interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative way considering a system of influences that cause and maintain suffering. It draws upon several sources recognizing that abnormal behavior comes from multiple influences
What are the major influences of abnormal behavior from a multidimensional model?
Biological (genetics: PKU, Huntingtons, physiology), behavioral (conditioned response to sight of blood), emotional (fear, anxiety, shame), social & cultural (pos/neg attention from others), developmental, environmental, and spiritual
What is genotype, phenotype, and polygenetic?
Genotype: genetic status
Phenotype: how the genes manifests
Polygenetic: Several genes contributing to the outcome
