Test #6 Flashcards
There are 5 Dz/Conditions where everything will DECREASE, what are they?
- Liver Failure
- Diuresis
- Anorexia
- Grass Tetany
- Ethylene Glycol Toxicity
There are 7 Dz/Conditions where everything will INCREASE, what are they?
- Hemolysis
- HBO
- Dehydration
- Pancreatitis
- LSA (Paraneoplastic Syndrome)
- Seizure
- Blocked Tom (Post-Renal Azotemia)
In Liver Dz and the use of Steroids everything will INCREASE, except what 3 things?
DECREASED:
- ALB
- GLOB
- BUN
In Renal Failure (Primary Azotemia) we will always see a FIXED USG and what else?
INCREASED- BUN and CREAT
DECREASED- Na, K, and Cl
When vomiting we will see a DECREASE in everything, except what one thing?
INCREASED- HCO-3 (Intestinal Content)
When having Diarrhea we will see a DECREASE in everything, except what one thing?
INCREASED- Cl (Stomach Content)
What do we see with a Parathyroidectomy?
INCREASED- Phos.
DECREASED- Ca
In Addison’s Dz everything is DECREASE, except what one thing?
INCREASED- K
Name the 4 enzymes commonly seen together, if one changes they all change.
- ALT
- AST
- ALP
- GGT
What 2 enzymes make up BILE?
- D. Bili
- CHOL
What 2 electrolytes make up the CELL MEMBRANE?
- Phos.
- K
3 reasons for INCREASED enzyme levels in the blood?
- Leak out of damaged or dying cells
- Increased production (young animals/neoplasia)
- Blockage of excretory route (HBO/Blocked Tom)
What is the old name for the enzyme ALT?
SGPT
What is the old name for the enzyme AST?
SGOT
What is the liver specific enzyme in Dogs and Cats?
ALT
What is the liver specific enzyme in Lg Animals?
GGT
What 2 enzymes does TP include?
ALB and GLOB
A:G ratio
ALB / GOLB = A:G ratio
- will either be increased or decreased
Lipase and Amylase are always run together, but which one can r/o Pancreatitis by it’s self?
Normal Lipase
Pancreatitis will always have ^ Lipase and Amylase
Creatine Kinase (CK) is produced by what and it’s old name was?
- Striated Muscle (Skeletal and Cardiac)
- CPK
Enzyme activity is measured in what units and what 2 things can interfere with results?
- IU
- Hemolysis and Lipemia
Liver Functions
- Protein Synthesis (ALB and Clotting factors)
- Metabolism of Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, and other drugs
- CHOL and Bile Synthesis
- Detoxification of blood (ammonia to urea)
Conjugated Bilirubin + Unconjugated Bilirubin = ???
T Bili
Unconjugated Bilirubin = ???
I Bili
Conjugated Bilirubin = ???
D Bili
Kidney Functions
- Regulate water balance (ADH), electrolytes (aldostarone), blood pH
- Excrete non-protein nitrogenous wastes (BUN and CREAT)
- Synthesize Renin (regulates BP) and EPO
- Conserves Glucose and Protein
Pancreas Functions
EXOCRINE Functions: -Digestive enzymes (Amylase, Tripson, and Lipase) ENDOCRINE Functions: -Hormones -Insulin (decreased blood glucose) -Glycogon (increased blood glucose)
Reasons for INCREASED CK
CK will leak out of cells when the muscle is damaged: -IM inj. -Sx -Lacerations -Brusing etc . . .
Finish this statement in regards to Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) - The Adrenals release . . .
Aldostarone > that acts on the Renal Tubulars = “Keep Na” and “Ditch K”
Potassium (K) plays a role in muscle function, what can happen when K INCREASES?
INCREASED K > Bradycardia = Cardiac Arrest
An Addison’s pt will “Ditch ___” and “Keep ___”?
Ditch Na
Keep K
Chloride (Cl) is closely associated with what other electrolyte?
Na
if Na increases/decreased, Cl will do the same
Cl is a component of what 4 bodily secretions?
- Tears
- Saliva
- Sweat
- HCI
% of Magnesium (mg) in Bone and Blood, which % is metabolically active?
- 50% in Bone
- 50% in Blood (MBA)
Mg Functions
- Plays a roll in the breakdown of Acetycholine = muscle contractions
- Enzyme function
Finish this statement in regards to Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (Phos.) - The Parathyroid gland releases . . .
PTH > that acts on the Renal Tubulars = “Keep Ca” and “Ditch Phos.”
**if no PTH is being produced (parathyroidectomy) = “Keep Phos.” and “Ditch Ca”
% of Ca in Bone and Blood, which is metabolically active?
- 99% in Bone
- 1% in Blood (MBA)
Ca Functions
- Blood coagulation
- Enzyme function
- Maintains Neuromuscular excitability and tone
Phos. Functions
- Carbohydrate metabolism
- Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
- Phospholipids (Cell Membrane)
- Plays a roll in energy storage, release, and transfer
