Test 6 Flashcards by Preston Robinson

Indicators of Economic Change 1870-1920

Farms- new farms popping up almost tripled in these years

Manufacturing- Employment would 5x over these years

Railroads- railroads- would 8x and steel production would 57x

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Railroads and the National Market

A mass increase in track miles from 1860-1880 and then again in 1920 was another increase

by 1890 there were 5 transcontinental railroads, they transported Iron and manufacturing goods

This created challenges of local times because of time zones

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The industrial Economy

New York- Skyskraper workers in manufacturing, Brooklyn hit a population of 3.4 mil

Boston- payed for western expansion

Pittsburgh- center of Iron and steel

Chicago- 2nd biggest state made steel/faming machines

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Key Years in the westward expansion

1880- first time majority workers weren’t farmers

1890- 2/3 workers worked for waages

1870-1920- 11 million moved from farm to city + 25 million new immagrants

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Transcontinental railroad

completed in 1869, cost 48k per mile, 15k Chinese build the railroads in bad environments and 12hr days

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The cowboy and the Corporate West

Mining- all mining took place in the med west. They would mine copper, gold, iron ore, silver, and oil

Cattle- Cattle trails crossed from lower regions of Tx into Missouri, Kansas, Nebrasksa, Colorado, Whyoming, and NM

Timber- Timber industry was more spread and included ins Tates such as Washington Oregon arkansas and Minnesota

Oil- oil was mined across all of the mid west and into regions of tx

railroads connected all of these industries

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Spirit and Technological Innovation

The telephone, type writer, and hand held camera spread rapidly.

Thomas Edison created phonograph, lightbulbs, motion picture, and a system for generating and distrubutinng electric power

Nikola Tesla created an electric motor and made electricity use more efficent

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Homestead act of 1862

settlers can claim 160 acres of land if they were atleast 21 work land for 5 years and house had to be 12x14

faced challenges of dealing with drought and prices rose when bigger companies started farming

Middle border included MN, Dakotas, Nebraska, and kansas
Farmed by blacks canadians Germans Scandinavians and British. grew from 360k to 1 mil in 40 years

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Myth, Relaity, and the wild west

the wild west had the image of a place of individual freedom and oppurunity, this was patrayed to the world through movies, however these movies did not depict the dying families and miners

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Bonanza farms

Large farms that covered thousands of acres and employed 100s of waage laborers in the west. Showed how little families that had land and couldn’t compete with complanies

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The new south

The new south was Henry Gradys idea of the south abandoning old agarion economy grounded in factories, mills, and mines

debt peonage was dangerous to farmers because it left them in poverty

destroyed the economy because farming was the backbone

Manufacturing was succesful along with textiles, however there was no boost in economy due to low wages

sharecropping and tenant farming caused many to remain in poverty

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Booker T Washington

Tuskegee Intitute- it was a school for African americans to get a higher education specifically industrial edu

Chad Williams said Washington believed it was best for America to gain an individual edu and ideally translate that int land ownership

Kimberlee Crenshaw said Washington said the best way to ensure the future of black was to make themselves useful to white people rather then agitating them for a partnership

Atlanta compromise- Africans should foucus on long term economic developments and not continue fighting for civil and political rights

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Jim crow

enforced segregation
designated if it was white only, required africans to be inferior to whites, and enforced legal segragation

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Plessy v Ferguson 1896

Plessy was arrested for intentionally violating separate car act

this meant states could enforce racially segregated facilities as long as they were condisered equal for both races

this created separate but equal were states could segragete public facilities

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Exodusters

arrived via steamboats sick with yellow fever for a better life in kansas
Extremely poor

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The Rise of Organised Labor in the United States

unions fought for working people to keep us safer, healthier and able to enjoy a higher quality of life

Bosses would try to intimidate workers by closing facilities of they would strike

Commonalities between the Great Railroad Strike and Pullman Strike:
The Great Strike of 1877 and the Pullman Strike were similar in several ways. Both strikes involved labor disputes, with workers demanding better working conditions and higher wages. In both cases, the government played a role, but in different ways.

assimilate

Join another’s culture

Westward expansion/ Indian wars 1865-1890

natives will be moved to reservations
the Us will take away buffalo to make this happen effectively
Wars begin when civil war is over

Battle of Bighorn 1876

Montana territory ever American Calvary man(250) including custard is killed

Gold was found in black hills Dakota this was first given to the Cheyenne and sloux tribes, however the gold led to the treaty being revoked

Wounded Knee 1890 S dakota

this was a masacare
also recognized as the end of the war

Ghost dances

Banned in 1883
these danced connecting living w the dead ad gave the Indians powers to fight back and resist
lead to 200 Indians mostly women and kids killed, the us soldiers were celebrated as heros, 19 awarded metal of honor

In 1900 the Indian pop is at the lowest at 250k

Indians will be assimilated through boarding schools

Dawes Act 1887

(Indian land in the West)
take Indian land sell 160 Acre plots
indians were first offered the land but must farm and become a civilized individual with possible citizenship

leads to Indian citizenship act when given us rights in 1924

Boomers rushed in and took land legally
while sooners rushed in and took land illegally

Industrial Capitalism

1865-1890/1900
America= Golden/gilded however it is fools gold
-Corruption business corruption in policts
- suffering- less fortunate
Lassez Faire- hands off Gov
Social Darwinism= Survivall of the fit rich eat poor die

Industrial capitilism
1. maximize profits
2. crush comp
Jay Gould and Cornelius Vanderbilt where railroad typhoons
J.P morgan leant money to the gov and bought a steel company in 1901 for 400 mil
Andrew Carnigee(Scotland)- had control of steel industry(pennsylvania)
4th of July was the only day he gave his employees off. also sold to J.P
John Rockefeller- Oil typhoon, standard oil, 90% of nations oil supply, refused labor unionize

Vertical/ Horizontal Integration

Recources
Manufacturing
Distribution

Carnage had alll

Scandles and Politcal Machines

Jammy Hall NYC- biggest Politcal machine William "Boss" Tweed know the name Political machines used immagrants to keep them in office immagrants were given citizenship/jobs to vote corruptly By doing this Tweed embezzled 20-200 mil

Spoils system

system patronage- support is given in exchange for jobs/favors assanation of Prez James Gafford- Charles Giteau killed him, because he felt owed a job of ambassador overseas claimed insanity in court but still hung

Pendelton Civil Service Act 1883

it is the civil service commision 1. created a system of merit 2. competive exam system 90% gov jobs still use this shift towards business/corp using completion into Politcal influence

Immigration in the Gilded Age

Old Northwestern Europe mostly Ireland, Germany, & England New Central & Eatern Europe mostly Polish, Russian, and Hungary along with southern Europe mostly Italy & Greece Most moving in for unskilled labor in big cities settlers will lie in tenement buildings poor condition Enclave- a group of culturally unique people that will work together as a group and keep the culture alive The Irish received the most Navitism ( negativity) due to catholisism, people thought Irish pope was impacting federal gov

Chinese exclusion act 1882 signed by Frez chester

this banned the chineese race from entering the united states this si due to takin gamerican job, set to be renewed every 10 years and eventually made permanent in 1902 and lifted in 1943 due to allies ones already in the Us could stay they just needed papers

Settlement Houses

Holl House 1889 created by Jane adams not famous help the immigrant get settled job opportunities education and med care

Politics in the Gilded Age

Farmers Unite Populism is a movment of the masses( common/farmers) against the elite in politics * Railroads banks and government are all harmful to farmers Railroads connected farmers to the world but taxed them heavy Banks would provide loans with a steep interest so they could afford new farming inventions Fed gov was working to keep money supply ow which kept prices low Farmers loved inflation GOLD STANDARD- Paper money is backed by gold

Farmers alliance 1870

moving toward a 3rd gov party in the 90s recognized as the Grange movement Known as the Populist the farmers alliance an organization of the people working against the big 3 They would attempt to bring minors, women, & African Americansinto the movement hard to make a dent in the south due to the dense democratic voting It was hard to get in to the east coast due to dense focus on a 2 party system 1. No state legislatures who elect state senators should be the people, direct election of both senators by the people. Free and unlimited coinage of silver 2. establishment of an 8hr workday 3. Fed gov should own but regulate railroads could lead to less corruption in railroad fees 1892 the party will run and in 4 states & part of OG and ND a step in the right direction, but not breaking in the NE or the S Election of 1896 support decreases and becomes known as the Gold vs Silver election (Republicans were for gold, Democrats and populist were for silver) Recognised as the first modern election it was Mckinley vs bryan, mckinley would go onto win Banks+ Business loved the republicans One of the biggest voter turn outs and the popuist are gone in completely in 4-5 years Republicans are back in the white house

Gospel of wealth

Andre Carnigee and Rockefellar and other rich believed to give back to society to advance Carnigee believed in bettering communities so he would place community library Rockefeller believed in medical research so he gave his money towards that This raises the question of Are they Captains of Industry (a positive) or a Robber Baron (A negative)