Test 5.1 Flashcards
A state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized, and the person feels alert.
Walking Consciousness
Theta wave activity increases and alpha wave activity fades away, people are said to be entering a type of light sleep. If people are awakened at this point, they will most likely not believe that they were asleep. They may also experience vivid visual events called hypnagogic imagines or hallucinations.
Stag 1 Sleep
In this stage of sleep, the body temperature continues to drop. Heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and the EEG will show the first signs of sleep spindles, brief bursts of activity lasting only a second or two. Theta waves still predominate in this stage, but if people are awakened during this stage, they will be aware of having been asleep.
Stage 2 Sleep
In this stage of sleep, the slowest and largest waves make their appearance. These waves are called delta waves. Delta waves make up only about 20 to 50 percent of the brain-wave pattern.
Stage 3 Sleep
At this stage of sleep, delta waves account for more than 50 percent of the total brain activity, the person is said to have entered the deepest stage of sleep. It is during this stage that growth hormones (often abbreviated as GH) are released from the pituitary gland and reach their peak. The body is at its lowest level of functioning. Children spend more time in this stage of sleep so their bodies will grow and are even harder to wake up than adults.
Stage 4 Sleep
This occurs when a shift takes place in the quality or pattern of your mental activity. Thoughts may become fuzzy and disorganized and you may feel less alert, or your thoughts may take bizarre turns, as they so often do in dreams. In this state, the conscious awareness may become divided, this puts a person at the same degree of risk as driving under the influence of alcohol. It comes in many forms, like being under the influence of certain drugs, daydreaming, being hypnotized, or achieving a meditative state.
Altered States of Consciousness
A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period. For most people, this means that they will experience several hours of sleep at least once during every 24-hour period. This sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the brain, specifically by the area within the hypothalamus.
Circadian Cycle
Controls hunger, thirst, sleep, sexual behavior, sleeping and waking, emotions, and the pituitary gland. It’s a tiny part of the brain and it influences the glandular system.
Hypothalamus
The voluntary muscles are inhibited, eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream.
REM Sleep
A hormone normally secreted by the pineal gland. The release of these chemicals are influenced by a structure deep within the hypothalamus in an area called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep. The suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN, is sensitive to changes in light.
Melatonin
A sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning. This disorder affects one out of every 2,000 persons, it is known as a kind of “sleep seizure”.
Narcolepsy
The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep. There are many causes, both psychological and physiological. Some of the psychological causes are worrying, trying to hard to sleep, or having anxiety. Some of the physiological causes are too much caffeine, indigestion, or aches and pains.
Insomnia
A disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more.
Sleep Apnea
Occurs during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one’s sleep.
Sleep Walking
The induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction. Its use in therapy, typically to recover suppressed memories or to allow modification of behavior by suggestion, has been revived but is still controversial.
Hypnosis
Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory.
Psychoactive Drugs
Slows the nervous system and are often used in medical procedures. There are three groups; barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.
Barbiturates - these drugs that have a sedative effect, commonly known as the major tranquilizers or sleeping pills.
Benzodiazepines - drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress, these drugs are considered safer than barbiturates, known as minor tranquilizers.
Alcohol - the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter, the most commonly used and abused drug affecting anywhere from 10 to 20 million people in the United States.
Depressants
Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system, commonly known as “uppers”. There are four groups; amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine.
Amphetamines - these are synthesized in laboratories rather than being found in nature.
Cocaine - a natural drug found in coca plant leaves, produces feelings of euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure. It also deadens pain and suppresses the appetite.
Nicotine- a relatively mild but nevertheless toxic product, producing a slight “rush” or sense of arousal as it raises the blood pressure and accelerates the heart, as well as providing a rush of sugar into the blood stream by the release of adrenalin.
Caffeine - a mild product, helps maintain alertness, and can increase the effectiveness of some pain relievers such as aspirin.
Stimulants
A class of drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins, the neurotransmitters that naturally deaden pain sensations. There are two groups; opiates and hallucinogens.
Opiates - morphine and heroin cause euphoria which can cause addiction and death.
Hallucinations - marijuana, hashish, LSD, and ecstasy cause distorted consciousness and altered perception. They also could possibly cause permanent memory problems, bad “trips”, suicide, overdose, and death.
Narcotics
The bodies natural version of morphine. Can inhibit the transmission of pain signals in the brain, and in the spinal cord.
Endorphins
Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup, a significant dose; in 1891, Candler claimed his formula (altered extensively from Pemberton’s original) contained only a tenth of this amount. Coca-Cola once contained an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass. In 1903, it was removed. After 1904, instead of using fresh leaves, Coca-Cola started using “spent” leaves – the leftovers of the cocaine-extraction process with trace levels of cocaine. Since then, Coca-Cola uses a cocaine-free coca leaf extract prepared at a Stepan Company plant in Maywood, New Jersey.
Cocaine in Coca-Cola
A state resulting from chronic use of a drug that has produced tolerance and where negative physical symptoms of withdrawal result from abrupt discontinuation or dosage reduction.
Physical Dependence
Physical symptoms resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems. Can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure.
Withdrawal
