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Final Test Flashcards

1
Q

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave.

  • Character
  • Temperament
A

Personality

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2
Q

Value judgments made about a person’s moral and ethical behavior.

A

Character

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3
Q

The enduring characteristics with which each person is born.

A

Temperament

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4
Q

Level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious.

A

(Freud’s 3 levels of the mind)

  1. Preconscious Mind
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5
Q

Level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions.

A

(Freud’s 3 levels of the mind)

  1. Conscious Mind
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6
Q

Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept.

– Can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue.

A

(Freud’s 3 levels of the mind)

  1. Unconscious Mind
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7
Q

Part of the personality present at birth; completely unconscious.

A. – Libido

B. – Pleasure Principle

A

(Freud’s 3 parts of the personality)

  1. Id
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8
Q

The instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for behavior.

A

A. – Libido

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9
Q

The principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences.

A

B. – Pleasure Principle

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10
Q

Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical.

– Reality principle: the principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

A

(Freud’s 3 parts of the personality)

  1. Ego
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11
Q

Part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

A. – Ego Ideal

B. – Conscience

A

(Freud’s 3 parts of the personality)

  1. Superego
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12
Q

Part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior.

A

A. – Ego Ideal

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13
Q

Part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal.

A

B. – Conscience

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14
Q

Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety.

A

Psychological Defense Mechanisms

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15
Q

A person’s refusal to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation.

A

Denial

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16
Q

The person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind.

A

Repression

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17
Q

The person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior.

A

Rationalization

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18
Q

Unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else—usually the target of the impulses or feeling.

A

Projection

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19
Q

The person forms an emotional or behavioral reaction opposite to the way he or she really feels in order to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others.

A

Reaction Formation

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20
Q

The redirection of feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one.

A

Displacement

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21
Q

The person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations.

A

Regression

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22
Q

The person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety.

A

Identification

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23
Q

The person makes up for deficiencies in one area by becoming superior in another area.

A

Compensation (substitution)

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24
Q

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior.

A

Sublimation

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25
Q

If the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will result in personality traits and behaviors associated with that earlier stage.

A

Fixation

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26
Q

Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.

A

Psychosexual Stages

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27
Q

The first stage, occurring in the first year of life, in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict; the id dominates.

A

(Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development)

  1. Oral Stage
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28
Q

The second stage, occurring between about one and three years of age; the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict; the ego develops.

– Anal-expulsive personality: a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile.

– Anal-retentive personality: a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn.

A

(Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development)

  1. Anal Stage
29
Q

The third stage, occurring from about three to six years of age; the child discovers sexual feelings; the superego develops.

– Oedipus complex: a situation occurring in the stage said above in which a male child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent.

– Electra complex: a similar process for girls.

A

(Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development)

  1. Phallic Stage
30
Q

The fourth stage, occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways.

A

(Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development)

  1. Latency Stage
31
Q

The fifth stage, during and after puberty, sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets.

A

(Freud’s 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development)

  1. Genital Stage
32
Q

Theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior.

– Trait: a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving.

Allport first developed a list of about 200 traits; he believed that these traits were part of the nervous system.

Cattell reduced the number of traits to between sixteen and twenty-three with a computer method called factor analysis.

– Developed the 16PF test.

A

Trait Theories

33
Q

Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person.

A

Surface Traits

34
Q

The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality.

– Example:

Introversion dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation.

A

Source Traits

35
Q

Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test.

– NEO-PI: based on the five-factor model.

– Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: based on Jung’s theory of personality types.

– MMPI-2 - designed to detect abnormal behavior or thinking patterns in personality.

A

Personality Inventory

36
Q

Willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.

High - Creative, artistic, curious, imaginative.

Low - Conventional, down-to-earth, uncreative nonconforming.

A

(The Big 5 Personality Traits)

  1. Openness
37
Q

The care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability.

High - Organized, reliable, neat, ambitious.

Low - Unreliable, lazy, careless, negligent, spontaneous.

A

(The Big 5 Personality Traits)

  1. Conscientiousness
38
Q

One’s need to be with other people.

Extraverts: people who are outgoing and sociable.

Introverts: people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention.

High - Talkative, optimistic, sociable, affectionate.

Low - Reserved, comfortable being alone, stays in the background.

A

(The Big 5 Personality Traits)

  1. Extraversion
39
Q

The emotional style of a person that may range from easy going, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant.

High - Good-natured, trusting, helpful.

Low - Rude, uncooperative, irritable, aggressive, competitive.

A

(The Big 5 Personality Traits)

  1. Agreeableness
40
Q

Degree of emotional instability or stability.

High - Worrying, insecure, anxious, temperamental.

Low - Calm, secure, relaxed, stable.

A

(The Big 5 Personality Traits)

  1. Neuroticism
41
Q
  • Each person is encouraged to be an active player in society, to do what is best for society as a whole rather than themselves.
  • The rights of families, communities, and the collective supersede those of the individual.
  • Rules promote unity, brotherhood, and selflessness.
  • Working with others and cooperating is the norm; everyone supports each other.
  • As a community, family or nation more than as an individual.
A

Traits of Collectivism

(Japan)

42
Q
  • “I” identity.
  • Promotes individual goals, initiative and achievement.
  • Individual rights are seen as being the most important. Rules attempt to ensure self-importance and individualism.
  • Independence is valued; there is much less of a drive to help other citizens or communities than in collectivism.
  • Relying or being dependent on others is frequently seen as shameful.
  • People are encouraged to do things on their own; to rely on themselves.
A

Traits of Individualism

(America)

43
Q

– Ambitious

– Time conscious

– Extremely hardworking

– Tends to have high levels of hostility and anger

– Easily annoyed

A

Type A personality

44
Q

– Relaxed and laid back

– Less driven and competitive than type A

– Slow to anger

A

Type B personality

45
Q

– Pleasant but repressed person

– Tends to internalize anger and anxiety

– Finds expressing emotions difficult

– Higher cancer rates

A

Type C personality

46
Q

– Seems to thrive on stress, but lacks the anger and hostility

– Deep sense of commitment to values

– Sense of control over their lives

– View problems as challenges to be met and answered

A

Hardy Personality

47
Q

Projective test that uses ten inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli.

A

Inkblot Test

48
Q

Manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms; describes about 250 different psychological disorders.

• In a given year, about 26.2 percent of American adults over age 18 suffer from a mental disorder.

– Only about 5.8 percent suffer from a severe mental disorder.

– Affected adults commonly suffer from more than one disorder at a time.

A

DSM-5

(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition)

49
Q

The main symptom is excessive or unrealistic worry and fearfulness.

– Free-floating anxiety: anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source.

A

Anxiety Disorders

50
Q

An irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity.

– Social phobia (social anxiety disorder): fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation.
– Specific phobia: fear of objects or specific situations or events.

A

Phobia

51
Q

FEAR OF///SCIENTIFIC NAME

Washing and bathing///Ablutophobia

Spiders///Arachnophobia

Lightning///Ceraunophobia

Dirt, germs///Mysophobia

Snakes///Ophidiophobia

Darkness///Nyctophobia

Fire///Pyrophobia

Foreigners, strangers///Xenophobia

Animals///Zoophobia

Heights///Acrophobia

Claustrophobia: fear of being in a small, enclosedspace.

Agoraphobia: fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible. Diagnosis requires that one feel anxiety in at least two of five situations.

A

FEAR OF///SCIENTIFIC NAME

Washing and bathing///Ablutophobia

Spiders///Arachnophobia

Lightning///Ceraunophobia

Dirt, germs///Mysophobia

Snakes///Ophidiophobia

Darkness///Nyctophobia

Fire///Pyrophobia

Foreigners, strangers///Xenophobia

Animals///Zoophobia

Heights///Acrophobia

Claustrophobia: fear of being in a small, enclosedspace.

Agoraphobia: fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible. Diagnosis requires that one feel anxiety in at least two of five situations.

52
Q

A. Occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life.

B. Sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying.

A

A. Panic Disorder

B. Panic Attack

53
Q

Intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior(compulsion).

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

54
Q

Disorders in which mood is severely disturbed.

• Affect: in psychological terms, emotion or mood.

A

Mood Disorders

55
Q

Severely depressed mood that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause.

  • May include thoughts of death or suicide.
  • It is the most common of the diagnosed disorders of mood.
A

Major Depressive Disorder

56
Q

Periods of mood that may range from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression, or spans of normal mood interspersed with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania (type II of this disorder).

A

Bipolar Disorder

57
Q

Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, and is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality.

A

Schizophrenia

58
Q

False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness.

– False beliefs of persecution

– False beliefs of reference

– False beliefs of influence

– False beliefs of grandeur (or grandiose delusions)

A

Delusions

59
Q

False sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exis.

A

Hallucinations

60
Q

Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional.

– Insight therapies: the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

– Action therapy: the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly.

A

Psychotherapy

61
Q

Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms.

A

Biomedical Therapy

62
Q

Insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts.

– Dream Interpretation

a. Manifest content: the actual content of one’s dream.
b. Latent content: the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams.

A

Psychoanalysis

63
Q

Therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts.

A

Cognitive Therapy

64
Q

Is most useful to persons who:

–Cannot afford individual therapy.

–May obtain a great deal of social and emotional support from other group members.

A

Group Therapy

65
Q

The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders.

–Antipsychotic drugs: used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior.

–Antianxiety drugs: used to treat and calm anxiety reactions; typically minor tranquilizers.

A

Psychopharmacology

66
Q

Is a procedure, done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. This type of therapy seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses.

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy

(ECT)

67
Q

Is a medicine used for the management of anxiety disorder, short-term relief of anxiety symptoms, and treatment of panic disorder. It is also a federally controlled substance because it has abuse potential. This medicine works by slowing down your brain activity, thereby producing a calming effect.

A

Xanax

68
Q

Is a medicine called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, bulimia (an eating disorder), and panic disorder. It is also used in combination with another medicine called olanzapine to treat depression associated with bipolar disorder and treatment-resistant depression (depression that has not improved after taking two other medicines). This type of med is thought to work by increasing the activity of a chemical in your brain called serotonin. By increasing serotonin, these meds may help improve your symptoms.

A

Prozac

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