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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Test 5 Review > Flashcards

Test 5 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is an action potential?

A

The action potential is the membrane potential of a neuron that is conducting an impulse.

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2
Q

What is an action potential commonly referred to as?

A

Nerve impulse.

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3
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

Slight excess of positively charged ions on the outside of the membrane and slight deficiency of positively charged ions inside of the membrane.

Difference in electrical charge between the outside and inside of the plasma membrane.

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4
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

Membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neuron’s plasma membrane.

Typically -70mV.

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5
Q

What is refractory period?

A

Is a brief period during which a local area of an axon’s membrane resists restimulation.

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6
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

Brief period during which a local area of a neuron’s membrane resists restimulation and will not respond to stimulus, no matter how strong.

Lasts approximately 0.5 milliseconds.

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7
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

Time during which the membrane is repolarizing and restoring the resting membrane potential.

Is a few milliseconds after the absolute refractory period, during which the membrane only responds to a very strong stimulus.

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8
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A membrane to membrane junction between a neuron and another neuron, effector cell, or sensory cell.

Functions to propagate nerve impulses.

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9
Q

How many types of synapses are there?

A

2.

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10
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A
  1. Electrical

2. Chemical

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11
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Occur where cells joined by gap junctions allow an action potential to simply continue along postsynaptic membrane.

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12
Q

Where do some electrical synapses occur?

A
  • between cardiac muscle cells.

- between some types of smooth muscle cells.

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13
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Occur where the presynaptic cells release chemical transmitters (neurotransmitters) across a tiny gap to the postsynaptic cell, possibly inducing an action potential there.

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14
Q

How many structures make up the chemical synapse?

A

3.

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15
Q

Which three structures make up the chemical synapse?

A
  1. A Synaptic knob
  2. A synaptic cleft
  3. Arrangements of synapses
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16
Q

What is a synaptic knob

A

A tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon that contains vesicles housing neurotransmitters.

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17
Q

What is a synaptic cleft

A

The space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron.

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18
Q

Axodendritic

A

Axon signals postsynaptic dendrite (common)

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19
Q

Axosomatic

A

Axon signals postsynaptic soma (common)

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20
Q

Axoaxonic

A

Axon signals postsynaptic axon

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21
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

Process in which a nerve impulse travels along a myelinated fibre by jumping from one node of ranvier to the next.

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22
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

The means by which neurons talk to one another.

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23
Q

How are neurotransmitters classified?

A

Function

Chemical structure

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24
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

It plays an important role in arousing or alerting the cerebrum.

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25
Q

What are meninges?

A

Three membranous layers

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26
Q

What is dura mater?

A

Outer layer of the meninges and inner periosteum of the cranial bones

Strong, white fibrous tissue.

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27
Q

What are the three important layers of the dura mater

A

Falx cerebri

Falx cerebelli

Tentoriym cerebelli

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28
Q

falx cerebri

A

Projects downwards into the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres

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29
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.

30
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum.

31
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Delicate, spiderweb-like layer between the dura mater and pia mater

32
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost, transparent layer

33
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Provides a supportive, protective cushion.

34
Q

Where is CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)?

A

found within the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord

within the canals and cavities of the brain and spinal cord.

35
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

In the choroid plexus (CP)

36
Q

How is CSF formed?

A

lalalalala

37
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus… (7)

A
  1. Regulator and coordinator of autonomic activities
  2. major relay station between the cerebral cortex and lower autonomic centers
  3. synthesizes hormones secreted by posterior pituitary and plays an essential role in maintaining water balance
  4. plays a crucial role in the arousal mechanism
  5. crucial part of the route by which emotions can express themselves in changed bodily functions
  6. some neurons in the hypothalamus can function as endocrine glands
  7. plays a crucial part in the mechanism regulating appetite and maintaining normal body temperature.
38
Q

Where does melatonin come from?

A

the pineal gland

39
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

helps your body know when it’s time to sleep.

Produces the function of the body’s internal biological clock.

40
Q

Where do you get the ability to feel emotions?

A

the limbic system.

41
Q

What is CN I

A

Olfactory Nerve

42
Q

What does the Olfactory nerve (CN I) do?

A

caries information about sense of smell.

43
Q

What is CN II

A

Optic nerve

44
Q

What does the optic nerve (CN II) do

A

Carries information from the eyes to the brain.

45
Q

What is CN III

A

Oculomotor nerve

46
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve (CN III) do

A

regulate the amount of light entering the eye and aid in focusing on near objects.

47
Q

What is CN IV

A

Trochlear nerve

48
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory

A

1, 2, 8

49
Q

Which Crain I nerves are motor

A

3, 4, 6, 11, 12

50
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory and motor?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

51
Q

What does the trochlear nerve do

A

Provides motor function to the superior oblique muscles of the eye

52
Q

What is CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve

53
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve (CN V) do

A

Principal sensory supply to the head (face, teeth, sinuses, etc)

Also provides motor function to the muscles or mastication.

54
Q

What is CN VI

A

Abducens nerve

55
Q

What does the abducens nerve (CN VI) do

A

Provides motor function to the lateral rectus muscle of the eyes

56
Q

What is CN VII

A

The facial nerve

57
Q

What does the facial nerve (CN VII) do

A

Provides motor innervation to the muscles of the facial expression, lacrimal gland, submaxillary gland, sublingual gland, as well as sensory supply to the anterior two thirds of the tongue

58
Q

What is CN VIII

A

Acoustic nerve

59
Q

What does the acoustic nerve (CN VIII) do

A

Known as the vestibulocohlear nerve

Provides sensory innervation for hearing and equilibrium.

60
Q

What is CN IX

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve

61
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) do?

A

Provides motor innervation to the pharyngeal musculature and sensory functions to the posterior one third of the tongue and pharynx

62
Q

What is CN X

A

The vagus nerve

63
Q

What does the vagus nerve (CN X) do

A

Provides motor innervation to the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It also provides sensory innervation to the heart, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and external ear

64
Q

What is CN XI

A

The accessory nerve

65
Q

What does the accessory nerve (CN XI) do

A

Provides motor function to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

66
Q

What is CN XII

A

The hypoglossal nerve

67
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) do?

A

It is a pure motor nerve that innervates the muscles of the tongue.

68
Q

What is a reflex

A

Action that results from a nerve impulse passing over a reflex arc; predictable response to a stimulus.

69
Q

Reflexes consist of either ________________ _________________ or __________________ ___________________.

A

Muscle contraction

Glandular secretion.

70
Q

What is the reticular activating system

A

It is a complex processing system in the neural network in the brain responsible for maintaining consciousness.

71
Q

What are the two concepts of the RAS?

A

It functions as the arousal system for the cerebral cortex

It’s functioning is crucial for maintaining consciousness.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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