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A&P1 > Test 5 CH 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Test 5 CH 13 & 14 Flashcards

1
Q

function of pns?

A

provides link to and from world outside body

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2
Q

function of sensory receptors?

A

respond to changes in environment; activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses

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3
Q

What are the 5 Classifications of receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors, thermoceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors

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4
Q

What do chemoreceptors respond to?

A

chemicals, smell. taste, changes in blood chemistry

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5
Q

What do photoreceptors respond to?

A

light energy ex. retina ..proteins change shape due to the sun

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6
Q

What receptors are responsible for pain?

A

Nociceptors

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7
Q

What are the 3 location of receptors?

A

Exteroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors

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8
Q

What structure of nerve ending is found nearly everywhere throughout the body?

A

Free nerve endings

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9
Q

What stimulus does a modified free nerve ending respond to?

A

Mechanoreceptors/light pressure slow adapting

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10
Q

Do nociceptors adapt?

A

no

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11
Q

Where are hair follicle receptors located?

A

Exteroceptors

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12
Q

What is phasic adaptation?

A

signal beginning or the end of stimulus

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13
Q

What does tonic receptor do?

A

sustained response; adapts slowly or not at all…eg. nociceptors

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14
Q

Encapsulated nerves?

A

easy to stimulate; fiber terminals enclosed in a CT covering

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15
Q

Two types of peripheral nerves

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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16
Q

Sensory nerves impulse goes …

A

toward the CNS

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17
Q

Mixed nerves are..

A

both sensory and motor fibers mixed with signals going to and from the CNS

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18
Q

motor nerves impulses…

A

away from the CNS

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19
Q

Most nerves are…

A

mixed nerves

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20
Q

Are pure sensory nerves rare?

A

yes

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21
Q

What is the function of the cranial nerves mnemonic?

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

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22
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs of mixed nerves

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23
Q

how many cervical nerves?
Thoracic?
Lumbar?
Sacral?
Coccygeal?

A

8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal

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24
Q

What does Dorsal Root contain?

A

contain sensory fibers from sensory neruons in dorsal root ganglion – carry afferent impulses

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25
Q

What does Ventral Root contain?

A

contains motor fibers from ventral horn motor neurons–fibers innervate skeletal and visceral muscles

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26
Q

what does each spinal nerve branch into?

A

a mixed ramus/rami

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27
Q

4 areas spinal nerves branch into:

A

Dorsal Ramus
Ventral Ramus
Meningeal Branch
Rami Communicantes

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28
Q

What is a plexus?

A

fibers criss cross form interlacing nerve networks; all ventral rami except T1 and T2; each branch contains fibers from several spinal nerves

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29
Q

Cervical Plexus?

A

innervate skin of neck and ear

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30
Q

Phrenic nerve innervates?

A

The diaphragm; only motor output to diaphragm—think backpack nerve

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31
Q

Brachial plexus function?

A

Gives rise to nerves that innervate upper limb

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32
Q

Axillary nerve innervates?

A

muscles and skin of shoulder

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33
Q

Radial nerve innervates?

A

posterior skin of limb; extensor forearm muscles

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34
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve innervates?

A

proximal arm muscles; sensory input from lateral forearm

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35
Q

Ulnar Nerve innervates?

A

flexor muscle forearm and muscles + skin of hand

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36
Q

Median Nerve innervates?

A

skin of anterior forearm

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37
Q

Lumbar Plexus innervates?

A

innervates thigh, abdominal wall..

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38
Q

Femoral nerve innervates?

A

innervates quads, skin of anterior thigh, and medial surface of leg
LARGEST nerve of lumbar plexus

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39
Q

Obturator Nerve innervates?

A

passes through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscle

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40
Q

Sacral Plexus?

A

serves the buttock and lower limb; pelvic structures and perineum

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41
Q

Sciatic Nerve innervates?

A

innervates hamstrings, adductor magnus, and most muscles in leg and foot

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42
Q

What is a reflex?

A

an automatic response to stimuli

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43
Q

What is a visceral refelc?

A

Activate visceral effectors such as smooth/cardiac muscle and glands…ex blood pressure

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44
Q

Somatic reflexes?

A

Activate skeletal muscle

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45
Q

Intrinsic Reflex?

A

Rapid and predictable motor response; unlearned and involuntary; built into our neural anatomy

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46
Q

Acquired Reflex?

A

reflexes from practice or repitition

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47
Q

What are the components of the reflex arc?

A
  1. receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integration center
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
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48
Q

What is the function of a receptor?

A

responds to a specific stimulus by producing a graded potential

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49
Q

What is the function of sensory neuron?

A

transmits afferent impulses to the CNS; action potential travels along axon to gray matter of spinal cord or brain

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50
Q

Integration center function?

A

point of connection between afferent and efferent pathways; monosynaptic is the simplest

51
Q

Sensory neuron synapses with?

A

Motor neuron

52
Q

Motor neuron..

A

conducts impulses from integration center to effector organ

53
Q

Effector responds to…

A

efferent impulse…muscle fibers contract or glands secrete

54
Q

Is cranial reflex ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

55
Q

nervous system must receive ….. to coordinate smooth muscle mvmnt

A

proprioceptor input

56
Q

length of muscle =

A

muscle spindles

57
Q

muscle spindles are the receptors of…

A

the stretch reflex

58
Q

noncontractile filaments means lack of…

A

myofilaments

59
Q

what is the stimulus of stretch reflex? What is the response?

A

Stimulus: stretch causes increased rate of impulses to the spinal cord
Response: contracting muscles reduces tension on muscle spindle

60
Q

What is an example of the stretch reflex?

A

Knee-jerk reflex

61
Q

all stretch reflexes are…. and ….

A

monosynaptic and ipsilateral

62
Q

what is the stimulus of a tendon reflex?

A

over-contraction

63
Q

What is the response of a tendon reflex?

A

force relaxation

64
Q

reciprocal reaction of a tendon reflex?

A

increase tension

65
Q

are tendon organ proprioceptors?

A

yes

66
Q

where are tendon organs located

A

in tendons close to skeletal muscle; sensory terminals coil between and around collagen

67
Q

what initiates a flexor reflex?

A

painful stimulus; causes automatic withdrawal of body due to threatened body part

68
Q

can brain override the flexor reflex?

A

yes

69
Q

what is the crossed-extensor reflex?

A

occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs-maintains balance

70
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

general visceral motor systems; make adjustments to ensure optimal support, operate via subconscious control; motor neurons innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

71
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS?

A

PNS=sensory and motor division
Motor division= somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
Autonomic NS= parasympathetic and sympathetic

72
Q

What do the somatic and autonomic NS have in common?

A

Both have motor fibers

73
Q

How are the somatic and autonomic NS different?

A

Effectors are different; efferent pathways and ganglia; target organ responds to neurotransmitters

74
Q

what is the effector of the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscle

75
Q

Where is the cell body of the somatic nervous system?

A

in CNS

76
Q

are the fibers of the somatic nervous system myelinated or nonmyelinated?

A

myelinated and thick

77
Q

effects of the somatic nervous system are always..

A

stimulatory

78
Q

ANS uses two….

A

neuron chain

79
Q

what is dual innervation?

A

all visceral organs served by both divisions but cause opposite effects

80
Q

What maintains homeostasis between the two divisions?

A

Dynamic Antagonism

80
Q

What is closer to the effector in the parasympathetic ns?

A

ganglia

81
Q

Where are the cell bodies in the cranial part of the the PNS?

A

in the brain stem

82
Q

what cranial nerves are in the preganglionic fibers in the cranial part of the PNS?

A

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerve

83
Q

What do Ciliary Ganglia innervate?

A

smooth muscles of eye

84
Q

function of preganglionic axons of otic ganglion?

A

innervate salivary glands

85
Q

the pterygopalatine and submandibular postganglionic axons within the facial nerve innervate (5)

A

nasal mucosa, palate, pharynx, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands

86
Q

what does the sacral part of the PNS serve?

A

pelvic organs and distal half of large intestine

87
Q

what is the only cranial nerve that leaves head and neck area?

A

Vagus nerve

88
Q

What does rami communicants coontain?

A

Grey and white matter

89
Q

Reflex Classifications:

A

spinal/cranial
monosynaptic/polysynaptic
ipsilateral/contralateral
somatic/visceral

90
Q

What type of ganglion does the oculomotor nerve have?

A

Ciliary

91
Q

What type of ganglion do the facial nerve have?

A

PTEROGOPALATINE AND SUBMANDIBULAR

92
Q

What type of ganglia does the vagus nerve have?

A

terminal ganglia

93
Q

Are postganglionic neurons myelinated or not myelinated?

A

NOT myelinated

94
Q

Cholinergic nerve fibers release:

A

ACh
Example: somatic motor neuron

95
Q

Adrenergic nerve fibers release:

A

Norepinephrine (NE)
Example: sympathetic postganglionic neuron

96
Q

where are cholinergic receptors located?

A

somatic effectors, ALL postganglionic neurons, parasympathetic effectors

97
Q

Adrenergic receptors are sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

sympathetic effectors

98
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscurinic

99
Q

Preganglionic neurons have …. axons

A

short axons

100
Q

Postganglionic neurons have … axons

A

long axons

101
Q

Where does a preganglionic neuron synapse?

A

always in the ganglion

102
Q

upon entering the sympathetic trunk, what may a short preganglionic fiber do?

A
  1. Synapse with the ganglionic neuron in same trunk ganglion
  2. Ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
  3. Pass through trunk ganglion and emerge without synapsing
103
Q

What is a cholinergic fiber and adrenergic fiber examples of?

A

Neurotransmitters

104
Q

Postganglionic cholinergic axons have …. axons ONLY

A

parasympathetic

105
Q

Nicotinic receptors are found on all…

A

postganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

106
Q

Muscuranic receptors found on…

A

all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers

107
Q

What are the two major classes of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha and Beta

108
Q

What are A1 and B1 responsible for?

A

Activation and Excitation

109
Q

What are A2 and B2 responsible for?

A

Inhibit and Relax

110
Q

What is a kinase?

A

An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a specific substance;
Ability to turn enzymes on or off

111
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule
Used to activate or deactivate enzymes

112
Q

ATP broken down is =

A

ADP + P= ATP

113
Q

A1 function?

A

blood vessel constriction

114
Q

A2 function?

A

inhibits insulin secretion

115
Q

B1 function?

A

increase insulin secretion

116
Q

B2 function?

A

dilates blood vessels, relaxes smooth muscles of GI tract

117
Q

B3 receptors are only found where?

A

in adipose tissue of animals that hibernate

118
Q

What does Atropin do to body?

A

relaxes muscle tone and blocks muscunaric ACh receptors
Example: dilating pupils at eye doctor

119
Q

Function of Neostigmine?

A

Inhibits Acetylcholinesterase—ACh lingers
prevents breakdown of ACh
Used to treat myasthenia gravis

120
Q

Function of Sympathomimetics?

A

sympathetic mimiking drugs; stimulate A1 adrenergic receptors to constrict blood vessels in nasal mucosa
inhibits secretion of mucus
example: epinephrine

121
Q

Beta-Antagonists function?

A

drugs that attach to B2 receptors to dilate lung bronchioles in asthmatics—relaxes muscle back to normal

122
Q

Beta-Blockers function?

A

drugs attach to B1 receptors to prevent their activation;
Avoid excitement and stage fright, calm heart beat and circulation

123
Q
A

A&P1 (2 decks)

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