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A&P1 > A&P2 Exam > Flashcards

A&P2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

kidneys are located where

A

behind the periotenum (retroperitoneal)

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2
Q

what can be destroyed in kidney when starving?

A

renal fascia

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3
Q

what is a dropped kidney called?

A

ptosis

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4
Q

womens ___ are shorter

A

urethra

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5
Q

what percentage of cardiac output do renal arteries receive?

A

25% of output–goes into glomeruli

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6
Q

where does all urine drain into kidney?

A

renal pelvis

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7
Q

renal hilum marks the ___ and kidney transition

A

ureter

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8
Q

what is an infection of the kidneys called?

A

pyelonephritis

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9
Q

what is a bladder infection called?

A

cystisis

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10
Q

which part of the kidney has the renal pyramids?

A

renal medulla

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11
Q

what are the functional units of the kidneys?

A

the nephrons

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12
Q

a nephron is made up og ___ + ___

A

renal corpuscle + renal tubule

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13
Q

which part of the nephron does all the filtering?

A

the renal corpuscle

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14
Q

where does the filtrate become urine?

A

in the nephron loop (the loop of henle)

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15
Q

glomeruli are located where

A

in the renal cortex

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16
Q

which convoluted tubule has microvilli?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

glomerulus is what tissue

A

simple squamos epithelium

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18
Q

what is not included in the nephron?

A

the collecting duct

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19
Q

collecting ducts drain urine where

A

into a minor calyx at the apex of a medullary pyramid

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20
Q

85% of nephrons are cortical of juxtamedullary

A

cortical

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21
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons are important for

A

reabsorption and concentration

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22
Q

what regulates the glomerulus filtration rate?

A

the juxtaglomerular complex

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23
Q

where are the macula densa cells located?

A

in the thick ascending limb of henle

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24
Q

what are macula densa cells also called?

A

salt sensors

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25
Q

macula densa cells monitor ____

A

how much Na+ is entering filtrate

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26
Q

granular cells are ___

A

smooth muscle cells located at the afferent arteriole

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27
Q

granular cells sense ____ and secrete ___

A

pressure ; renin (part of RAAS)

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28
Q

what cells communicate information between the Macula densa cells and the granular cells?

A

the extragolmerular mesangial cells

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29
Q

Golmerulus is a ___

A

filtration unit

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30
Q

the nephron forms urine by what 3 processes?

A

glomerular filtration, renal tubule reabsorption, and tubular secretion

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31
Q

the filtration membrane allows everything but ___ and ___

A

formed elements, plasma proteins

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32
Q

how many liters are filtered per day?

A

180L

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33
Q

what percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood?

A

99%

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34
Q

___ blood cells and ___ proteins do not become?

A

do not become part of filtrate

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35
Q

what does other protein in urine indicate?

A

damage to the filtration membrane

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36
Q

what are the 3 layers of the glomerulus?

A

the basement membrane, the podocytes, and the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus

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37
Q

3 layers of the filtration membrane are

A

the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus, the basement membrane of anionic collagen so anionic proteins cant pass, and the visceral layer containing the podocytes

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38
Q

why are podocytes called podocytes?

A

their foot processes form the filtration slits

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39
Q

what is a sign of nephritis?

A

blood and proteins in urine

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40
Q

filitration is a ___ dependent process

A

pressure

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41
Q

HPcs is …

A

the presure within the capsular space

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42
Q

OPgc is…

A

the pressure from capillary solutes

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43
Q

golmerulus is bound by two vessels: the

A

afferent and efferent arteriole

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44
Q

what is the GFR?

A

the glomerular filtration ratew

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45
Q

what is a normal GFR?

A

125 mL/min

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46
Q

GFR definition

A

the volume of filtrate formed per minute by all 2 millition glomeruli

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47
Q

polyuria means

A

excess urine output

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48
Q

What does NFP stand for

A

net filtration pressure

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49
Q

what is the NFP controlled by?

A

the afferent arteriole

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50
Q

what are the two intrinsic regulations of GFR?

A

myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback

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51
Q

what is the extrinsic regulation of GFR?

A

indirect mechanism via blood pressure changes regulated by hormones such as aldosterone and angiotensin II

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52
Q

Myogenic regulation is

A

the stretch/recoil properties of the juxtaglomerular and granular cells (SM cells) covering arteriole

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53
Q

what would an increased BP do to myogenic reg?

A

stretch afferent arteriole, increasing renal blood flow and GFR

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54
Q

how does the tubuloglomerular autoregulation work?

A

directed by macula densa cells; high Na+ level, not enough absoprtion time, high GFR. MD cells will release paracrine cells=vasoconstrictors. Vasoconstriction= slowed GFR

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55
Q

Absorption helps to determine/indicate ___ levels?

A

GFR

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56
Q

what will MD cells do when they detect high or low concentration of Na+?

A

constrict or dilate arteriole

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57
Q

what will happen to GFR if BP exceeds or drops below 80-180 mmhg?”

A

will stop

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58
Q

where is the major site of reabsorption of organic nutrients?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule due to the microvilli enhanced surface area

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59
Q

solute reabsorption is regulated by ____

A

facilitated diffusion

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60
Q

the amount of solute concentration that can be resabsorbed is limited by?

A

the number of membrane transports available for that specific solute

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61
Q

Tm is?

A

Tm is the point where an increase in the # of solute failts to increase reabsorption

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62
Q

Tm is commonly used to assess what>

A

Glucose

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63
Q

Why is Tm used to assess glucose?

A

hyperglycemia exceeds Tm for glucose, resulting in glycosuria (glucose in the urine)

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64
Q

What hormones fine tune water reabsorption at the collecting duct and the distal convoluted tubule>

A

ADH and aldosterone

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65
Q

What does ADH target?

A

The principal cells of the collecting duct

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66
Q

what does ANP target?

A

targets the principal cells of the Collecting duct

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67
Q

what does hormone ANP do?

A

lowers BP; inhibits Na+ reabsoprtion. excretes Na+.

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68
Q

ANP stands for?>

A

Atrial Natriuetic Peptide

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69
Q

Intercalated cells are ?

A

Cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

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70
Q

what do intercalated cells do>

A

regulate acid-base pH balance

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71
Q

What do A cells do?

A

enhance H+ excretion in acidemia

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72
Q

What do B cells do?

A

enhance bicarbonate excretion in alkanemia

73
Q

what are water channels called?

A

Aquaporins

74
Q

ADH makes what type of passageway?

A

Aquaporins

75
Q

where are the major sites of secretion?

A

the PCT, the CD, and DCT

76
Q

what are some substances secreted?

A

aldosterone, urea, creatinine, bicarbonate, h+ ions, protein bound metabolites

77
Q

definition of urine

A

substances filtered and secreted minus substances reabsorped

78
Q

subtances entering glomerulus capsule space are called

A

filtrate

79
Q

what are the 2 processes of water reabsorption?

A

Obligatory reab. and Facultative reab.

80
Q

What is Facultative reabs?

A

the job of hormones

81
Q

Obligatory reab. accounts for how much of water reab?

A

90%

82
Q

Obligatory reabs helps to do what to urine?

A

concentrate

83
Q

obligatory reabs. involves ____ and ___

A

juxtadeullary nephrons and the vasa recta

84
Q

what is the thin ascending limb and CD permeable to?

A

urea

85
Q

what is the thick ascending limb permeable to?

A

Na+

86
Q

what is the descending limb permeable to?

A

water! has aquaporins

87
Q

if descending limb has more solute outside where does it flow?

A

the peritubular capillaries

88
Q

vasa recta maintains the ___ ___

A

osmolarity gradient

89
Q

vasa recta is what type of reabsorp?

A

obligatory

90
Q

what is the clinical term for urination?

A

micturition

91
Q

what is the involuntary control of the bladder?

A

interal sphincter

92
Q

what is the voluntary skeletal muscle control in bladder called

A

external sphincter

93
Q

where is urine recessed in bladder?

A

trigone region

94
Q

what is the tissue of the bladder?

A

transitional epithelium

95
Q

why is it called transitional epithelium?

A

bladder empty= cells round. bladder full= cells stretched

96
Q

countercurrent exchange is where?

A

in the vasa recta

97
Q

is the capillary permeability high or low?

A

High to slow blood flow rate

98
Q

what does facultative reab. respond to?

A

changes in ECF osmolarity

99
Q

what does the facultative reabsp. regulate?

A

the final volume of urine output–dilutes or concentrates it

100
Q

what is the fine tuning of dehydration and overhydration before urination?

A

facultative resabsorp.

101
Q

ADH upregulates …

A

aquaporins

102
Q

the RAAS system directly…

A

reabsorbs Na+, indirect effect on H2O reabsp. by osmosis

103
Q

Urine flows out ureters via

A

peristalsis

104
Q

urine is stored in __ and excreted through __

A

bladder, urethra

105
Q

Micturtion involves the contraction of what muscle

A

detrusor muscle

106
Q

where is a high risk for utis to start?

A

trigone area

107
Q

what are the 3 fluid compartments?

A

plasma, interstitial, intracellular

108
Q

muscles are highly hydrated or not?

A

highly hydrated

109
Q

osmotic power is ___

A

the ability to pull water across a membrane into the area of highest solute

110
Q

water moves ___ osmotic gradient

A

DOWN

111
Q

water ___ solute

A

follows

112
Q

what is edema?

A

the buildup of of excess water in the interstitial fluid compartment

113
Q

pitting edema means

A

the skin indents

114
Q

myxedmea is caused by what?

A

thyroid disease

115
Q

osmotic power is a ___ property

A

colligative

116
Q

what is the colligative property of a solution determined by?

A

the number of particles, NOT the identity of the solute particles

117
Q

both ____ and ____ exert osmotic power

A

electrolytes, nonelectrolytes

118
Q

nonelectrolytes are typically what type of molecules?

A

organic molecules that dissolve in water. EG. glucose

119
Q

electrolytes are ___

A

substcs that dissociate either completely or weakly in polar covalent water as cations or anions EG. salts, acids, bases

120
Q

the osmotic power of __ is greater than the power of ___

A

electrolytes is greater than nonelectrolytes

121
Q

the ability to pull water into a fluid copmpartment is directly related to ?

A

the number of particles in a solution

122
Q

how do you measure ion ?

A

mEq/L…milliequivilants per liter plasma

123
Q

fluid intake and output are regulated to maintain ____

A

plasma osmolality

124
Q

obligatory water loss of the body includes

A

feces, sweating, and vapor

125
Q

Hyponatremia is

A

overhydration

126
Q

what is osmoles?

A

the measure of solute concentration is plasma

127
Q

osmolarity is >

A

the measure of solute concentration in solution per liter volume

128
Q

osmolality is

A

the measure of solute concentration in solution per kg mass

129
Q

What is the normal plasma osmolarity volume?

A

280-300 mOsm/L

130
Q

what is the normal plasma osmolality weight?

A

275-295 mOsm/kg

131
Q

clinical osmometers use the _____ method

A

freezing point depression method

132
Q

the greater the ____ of ___, the ___ the ____ of water

A

greater the number of particles, the lower the freezing point of water

133
Q

which part of the brain is responsible for the homeostatic regulation of water balance>

A

the hypothalamus

134
Q

what are the hormones that regulate water balance?

A

ADH, ANP, AND RAAS

135
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS contains what type of receptors?

A

osmoreceptors

136
Q

what do osmoreceptors indicate?

A

when thirsty, when to drink

137
Q

where is ADH synthesized?

A

in the hypothalamus

138
Q

RAAS mechanisms do what to plasma volume and osmolality?

A

increase plasma volume, decrease osmolality

139
Q

ADH is AKA

A

Arginine vasopressin

140
Q

Which hormone directly and which hormone indirectly influences osmosis?

A

ADH is direct and aldosterone is indirect

141
Q

where is ADH stored?

A

in the posterior pituitary

142
Q

what regulate ADH release?

A

plasma volume levels and plasma osmolarity

143
Q

ADH also helps in hemorraghing how?

A

will constrict the tunica media SM and vasoconstrict to increase BP

144
Q

where is ANP released from?

A

the atrium

145
Q

what does ANP do?

A

decreases plasma volume by increasing excretion of Na+

146
Q

What is one treatment for heart failure?

A

ANP

147
Q

Dehydration ____ plasma osmolarity

A

increases

148
Q

Dehydration uncompensated will lead to

A

cell crenation due to water being pulled out of the intracellular space

149
Q

overhydration ____ plasma osmolarity

A

decreases

150
Q

hypotonic hydration leads to

A

hyponatremia

151
Q

what is a danger of hypotonic hydration?

A

cerebral edema

152
Q

hyponatremia means the ___ levels in blood are too low

A

sodium

153
Q

Diabetes Insipidus is a

A

disorder of ADH secretion

154
Q

lack of ADH leads to

A

polyuria

155
Q

polyuria leads to

A

severe dehydration and crenation

156
Q

symptoms of syndrome of innapropriate ADH release

A

excessive water retention, risk for cerebral edema, hyponatremia

157
Q

pH stands for

A

power of hydrogen

158
Q

pH always implies a solution in ___

A

water

159
Q

plasma compartment pH

A

7.4

160
Q

Interstitial fluid pH

A

7.35

161
Q

ICF pH

A

7.0

162
Q

plasma pH is regulated by 3 mechanisms

A

chemical buffers, respiratory system, and renal regulation

163
Q

what is the job ob a buffer?

A

resist changes in pH

164
Q

what is an example of a common buffer?

A

carbonic acid

165
Q

what is an example of a weak base?

A

NaHCO3

166
Q

what is a strong base?

A

NaOH

167
Q

what are the 3 physiological buffer systems?

A

bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, and protein buffer system

168
Q

carbonic acid-bicarbonate =

A

the blood plasma buffer

169
Q

what can also act as a blood protein buffer?

A

hemoglobin

170
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for regulating the breathing rate?

A

the brainstem medulla and pons

171
Q

Carbonic acid is also called what kind of acid

A

volatile acid

172
Q

how do the kidneys regulate ph?

A

they reabsorb H+ and bicarbonate

173
Q

kidneys can synthesize

A

bicarbonate

174
Q

what are some nonvolatile acids?

A

lactic acid, ketone bodies, uric acid

175
Q

disorders are either ___ or ____

A

metabolic or respiratory

176
Q

filtration definition

A

a separation process; solute through selectively permeable membrane

177
Q

the kidneys synthesize what hormone?

A

Erythropoiten (EPO)

178
Q

vitamin d is converted to what active hormone?

A

calcitriol

A&P1 (2 decks)

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