A&P2 Exam Flashcards
kidneys are located where
behind the periotenum (retroperitoneal)
what can be destroyed in kidney when starving?
renal fascia
what is a dropped kidney called?
ptosis
womens ___ are shorter
urethra
what percentage of cardiac output do renal arteries receive?
25% of output–goes into glomeruli
where does all urine drain into kidney?
renal pelvis
renal hilum marks the ___ and kidney transition
ureter
what is an infection of the kidneys called?
pyelonephritis
what is a bladder infection called?
cystisis
which part of the kidney has the renal pyramids?
renal medulla
what are the functional units of the kidneys?
the nephrons
a nephron is made up og ___ + ___
renal corpuscle + renal tubule
which part of the nephron does all the filtering?
the renal corpuscle
where does the filtrate become urine?
in the nephron loop (the loop of henle)
glomeruli are located where
in the renal cortex
which convoluted tubule has microvilli?
proximal convoluted tubule
glomerulus is what tissue
simple squamos epithelium
what is not included in the nephron?
the collecting duct
collecting ducts drain urine where
into a minor calyx at the apex of a medullary pyramid
85% of nephrons are cortical of juxtamedullary
cortical
juxtamedullary nephrons are important for
reabsorption and concentration
what regulates the glomerulus filtration rate?
the juxtaglomerular complex
where are the macula densa cells located?
in the thick ascending limb of henle
what are macula densa cells also called?
salt sensors
macula densa cells monitor ____
how much Na+ is entering filtrate
granular cells are ___
smooth muscle cells located at the afferent arteriole
granular cells sense ____ and secrete ___
pressure ; renin (part of RAAS)
what cells communicate information between the Macula densa cells and the granular cells?
the extragolmerular mesangial cells
Golmerulus is a ___
filtration unit
the nephron forms urine by what 3 processes?
glomerular filtration, renal tubule reabsorption, and tubular secretion
the filtration membrane allows everything but ___ and ___
formed elements, plasma proteins
how many liters are filtered per day?
180L
what percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood?
99%
___ blood cells and ___ proteins do not become?
do not become part of filtrate
what does other protein in urine indicate?
damage to the filtration membrane
what are the 3 layers of the glomerulus?
the basement membrane, the podocytes, and the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus
3 layers of the filtration membrane are
the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus, the basement membrane of anionic collagen so anionic proteins cant pass, and the visceral layer containing the podocytes
why are podocytes called podocytes?
their foot processes form the filtration slits
what is a sign of nephritis?
blood and proteins in urine
filitration is a ___ dependent process
pressure
HPcs is …
the presure within the capsular space
OPgc is…
the pressure from capillary solutes
golmerulus is bound by two vessels: the
afferent and efferent arteriole
what is the GFR?
the glomerular filtration ratew
what is a normal GFR?
125 mL/min
GFR definition
the volume of filtrate formed per minute by all 2 millition glomeruli
polyuria means
excess urine output
What does NFP stand for
net filtration pressure
what is the NFP controlled by?
the afferent arteriole
what are the two intrinsic regulations of GFR?
myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback
what is the extrinsic regulation of GFR?
indirect mechanism via blood pressure changes regulated by hormones such as aldosterone and angiotensin II
Myogenic regulation is
the stretch/recoil properties of the juxtaglomerular and granular cells (SM cells) covering arteriole
what would an increased BP do to myogenic reg?
stretch afferent arteriole, increasing renal blood flow and GFR
how does the tubuloglomerular autoregulation work?
directed by macula densa cells; high Na+ level, not enough absoprtion time, high GFR. MD cells will release paracrine cells=vasoconstrictors. Vasoconstriction= slowed GFR
Absorption helps to determine/indicate ___ levels?
GFR
what will MD cells do when they detect high or low concentration of Na+?
constrict or dilate arteriole
what will happen to GFR if BP exceeds or drops below 80-180 mmhg?”
will stop
where is the major site of reabsorption of organic nutrients?
the proximal convoluted tubule due to the microvilli enhanced surface area
solute reabsorption is regulated by ____
facilitated diffusion
the amount of solute concentration that can be resabsorbed is limited by?
the number of membrane transports available for that specific solute
Tm is?
Tm is the point where an increase in the # of solute failts to increase reabsorption
Tm is commonly used to assess what>
Glucose
Why is Tm used to assess glucose?
hyperglycemia exceeds Tm for glucose, resulting in glycosuria (glucose in the urine)
What hormones fine tune water reabsorption at the collecting duct and the distal convoluted tubule>
ADH and aldosterone
What does ADH target?
The principal cells of the collecting duct
what does ANP target?
targets the principal cells of the Collecting duct
what does hormone ANP do?
lowers BP; inhibits Na+ reabsoprtion. excretes Na+.
ANP stands for?>
Atrial Natriuetic Peptide
Intercalated cells are ?
Cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
what do intercalated cells do>
regulate acid-base pH balance
What do A cells do?
enhance H+ excretion in acidemia
What do B cells do?
enhance bicarbonate excretion in alkanemia
what are water channels called?
Aquaporins
ADH makes what type of passageway?
Aquaporins
where are the major sites of secretion?
the PCT, the CD, and DCT
what are some substances secreted?
aldosterone, urea, creatinine, bicarbonate, h+ ions, protein bound metabolites
definition of urine
substances filtered and secreted minus substances reabsorped
subtances entering glomerulus capsule space are called
filtrate
what are the 2 processes of water reabsorption?
Obligatory reab. and Facultative reab.
What is Facultative reabs?
the job of hormones
Obligatory reab. accounts for how much of water reab?
90%
Obligatory reabs helps to do what to urine?
concentrate
obligatory reabs. involves ____ and ___
juxtadeullary nephrons and the vasa recta
what is the thin ascending limb and CD permeable to?
urea
what is the thick ascending limb permeable to?
Na+
what is the descending limb permeable to?
water! has aquaporins
if descending limb has more solute outside where does it flow?
the peritubular capillaries
vasa recta maintains the ___ ___
osmolarity gradient
vasa recta is what type of reabsorp?
obligatory
what is the clinical term for urination?
micturition
what is the involuntary control of the bladder?
interal sphincter
what is the voluntary skeletal muscle control in bladder called
external sphincter
where is urine recessed in bladder?
trigone region
what is the tissue of the bladder?
transitional epithelium
why is it called transitional epithelium?
bladder empty= cells round. bladder full= cells stretched
countercurrent exchange is where?
in the vasa recta
is the capillary permeability high or low?
High to slow blood flow rate
what does facultative reab. respond to?
changes in ECF osmolarity
what does the facultative reabsp. regulate?
the final volume of urine output–dilutes or concentrates it
what is the fine tuning of dehydration and overhydration before urination?
facultative resabsorp.
ADH upregulates …
aquaporins
the RAAS system directly…
reabsorbs Na+, indirect effect on H2O reabsp. by osmosis
Urine flows out ureters via
peristalsis
urine is stored in __ and excreted through __
bladder, urethra
Micturtion involves the contraction of what muscle
detrusor muscle
where is a high risk for utis to start?
trigone area
what are the 3 fluid compartments?
plasma, interstitial, intracellular
muscles are highly hydrated or not?
highly hydrated
osmotic power is ___
the ability to pull water across a membrane into the area of highest solute
water moves ___ osmotic gradient
DOWN
water ___ solute
follows
what is edema?
the buildup of of excess water in the interstitial fluid compartment
pitting edema means
the skin indents
myxedmea is caused by what?
thyroid disease
osmotic power is a ___ property
colligative
what is the colligative property of a solution determined by?
the number of particles, NOT the identity of the solute particles
both ____ and ____ exert osmotic power
electrolytes, nonelectrolytes
nonelectrolytes are typically what type of molecules?
organic molecules that dissolve in water. EG. glucose
electrolytes are ___
substcs that dissociate either completely or weakly in polar covalent water as cations or anions EG. salts, acids, bases
the osmotic power of __ is greater than the power of ___
electrolytes is greater than nonelectrolytes
the ability to pull water into a fluid copmpartment is directly related to ?
the number of particles in a solution
how do you measure ion ?
mEq/L…milliequivilants per liter plasma
fluid intake and output are regulated to maintain ____
plasma osmolality
obligatory water loss of the body includes
feces, sweating, and vapor
Hyponatremia is
overhydration
what is osmoles?
the measure of solute concentration is plasma
osmolarity is >
the measure of solute concentration in solution per liter volume
osmolality is
the measure of solute concentration in solution per kg mass
What is the normal plasma osmolarity volume?
280-300 mOsm/L
what is the normal plasma osmolality weight?
275-295 mOsm/kg
clinical osmometers use the _____ method
freezing point depression method
the greater the ____ of ___, the ___ the ____ of water
greater the number of particles, the lower the freezing point of water
which part of the brain is responsible for the homeostatic regulation of water balance>
the hypothalamus
what are the hormones that regulate water balance?
ADH, ANP, AND RAAS
HYPOTHALAMUS contains what type of receptors?
osmoreceptors
what do osmoreceptors indicate?
when thirsty, when to drink
where is ADH synthesized?
in the hypothalamus
RAAS mechanisms do what to plasma volume and osmolality?
increase plasma volume, decrease osmolality
ADH is AKA
Arginine vasopressin
Which hormone directly and which hormone indirectly influences osmosis?
ADH is direct and aldosterone is indirect
where is ADH stored?
in the posterior pituitary
what regulate ADH release?
plasma volume levels and plasma osmolarity
ADH also helps in hemorraghing how?
will constrict the tunica media SM and vasoconstrict to increase BP
where is ANP released from?
the atrium
what does ANP do?
decreases plasma volume by increasing excretion of Na+
What is one treatment for heart failure?
ANP
Dehydration ____ plasma osmolarity
increases
Dehydration uncompensated will lead to
cell crenation due to water being pulled out of the intracellular space
overhydration ____ plasma osmolarity
decreases
hypotonic hydration leads to
hyponatremia
what is a danger of hypotonic hydration?
cerebral edema
hyponatremia means the ___ levels in blood are too low
sodium
Diabetes Insipidus is a
disorder of ADH secretion
lack of ADH leads to
polyuria
polyuria leads to
severe dehydration and crenation
symptoms of syndrome of innapropriate ADH release
excessive water retention, risk for cerebral edema, hyponatremia
pH stands for
power of hydrogen
pH always implies a solution in ___
water
plasma compartment pH
7.4
Interstitial fluid pH
7.35
ICF pH
7.0
plasma pH is regulated by 3 mechanisms
chemical buffers, respiratory system, and renal regulation
what is the job ob a buffer?
resist changes in pH
what is an example of a common buffer?
carbonic acid
what is an example of a weak base?
NaHCO3
what is a strong base?
NaOH
what are the 3 physiological buffer systems?
bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, and protein buffer system
carbonic acid-bicarbonate =
the blood plasma buffer
what can also act as a blood protein buffer?
hemoglobin
what part of the brain is responsible for regulating the breathing rate?
the brainstem medulla and pons
Carbonic acid is also called what kind of acid
volatile acid
how do the kidneys regulate ph?
they reabsorb H+ and bicarbonate
kidneys can synthesize
bicarbonate
what are some nonvolatile acids?
lactic acid, ketone bodies, uric acid
disorders are either ___ or ____
metabolic or respiratory
filtration definition
a separation process; solute through selectively permeable membrane
the kidneys synthesize what hormone?
Erythropoiten (EPO)
vitamin d is converted to what active hormone?
calcitriol
