A&P2 Exam Flashcards
1
Q
kidneys are located where
A
behind the periotenum (retroperitoneal)
2
Q
what can be destroyed in kidney when starving?
A
renal fascia
3
Q
what is a dropped kidney called?
A
ptosis
4
Q
womens ___ are shorter
A
urethra
5
Q
what percentage of cardiac output do renal arteries receive?
A
25% of output–goes into glomeruli
6
Q
where does all urine drain into kidney?
A
renal pelvis
7
Q
renal hilum marks the ___ and kidney transition
A
ureter
8
Q
what is an infection of the kidneys called?
A
pyelonephritis
9
Q
what is a bladder infection called?
A
cystisis
10
Q
which part of the kidney has the renal pyramids?
A
renal medulla
11
Q
what are the functional units of the kidneys?
A
the nephrons
12
Q
a nephron is made up og ___ + ___
A
renal corpuscle + renal tubule
13
Q
which part of the nephron does all the filtering?
A
the renal corpuscle
14
Q
where does the filtrate become urine?
A
in the nephron loop (the loop of henle)
15
Q
glomeruli are located where
A
in the renal cortex
16
Q
which convoluted tubule has microvilli?
A
proximal convoluted tubule
17
Q
glomerulus is what tissue
A
simple squamos epithelium
18
Q
what is not included in the nephron?
A
the collecting duct
19
Q
collecting ducts drain urine where
A
into a minor calyx at the apex of a medullary pyramid
20
Q
85% of nephrons are cortical of juxtamedullary
A
cortical
21
Q
juxtamedullary nephrons are important for
A
reabsorption and concentration
22
Q
what regulates the glomerulus filtration rate?
A
the juxtaglomerular complex
23
Q
where are the macula densa cells located?
A
in the thick ascending limb of henle
24
Q
what are macula densa cells also called?
A
salt sensors
25
macula densa cells monitor ____
how much Na+ is entering filtrate
26
granular cells are ___
smooth muscle cells located at the afferent arteriole
27
granular cells sense ____ and secrete ___
pressure ; renin (part of RAAS)
28
what cells communicate information between the Macula densa cells and the granular cells?
the extragolmerular mesangial cells
29
Golmerulus is a ___
filtration unit
30
the nephron forms urine by what 3 processes?
glomerular filtration, renal tubule reabsorption, and tubular secretion
31
the filtration membrane allows everything but ___ and ___
formed elements, plasma proteins
32
how many liters are filtered per day?
180L
33
what percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood?
99%
34
___ blood cells and ___ proteins do not become?
do not become part of filtrate
35
what does other protein in urine indicate?
damage to the filtration membrane
36
what are the 3 layers of the glomerulus?
the basement membrane, the podocytes, and the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus
37
3 layers of the filtration membrane are
the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus, the basement membrane of anionic collagen so anionic proteins cant pass, and the visceral layer containing the podocytes
38
why are podocytes called podocytes?
their foot processes form the filtration slits
39
what is a sign of nephritis?
blood and proteins in urine
40
filitration is a ___ dependent process
pressure
41
HPcs is ...
the presure within the capsular space
42
OPgc is...
the pressure from capillary solutes
43
golmerulus is bound by two vessels: the
afferent and efferent arteriole
44
what is the GFR?
the glomerular filtration ratew
45
what is a normal GFR?
125 mL/min
46
GFR definition
the volume of filtrate formed per minute by all 2 millition glomeruli
47
polyuria means
excess urine output
48
What does NFP stand for
net filtration pressure
49
what is the NFP controlled by?
the afferent arteriole
50
what are the two intrinsic regulations of GFR?
myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback
51
what is the extrinsic regulation of GFR?
indirect mechanism via blood pressure changes regulated by hormones such as aldosterone and angiotensin II
52
Myogenic regulation is
the stretch/recoil properties of the juxtaglomerular and granular cells (SM cells) covering arteriole
53
what would an increased BP do to myogenic reg?
stretch afferent arteriole, increasing renal blood flow and GFR
54
how does the tubuloglomerular autoregulation work?
directed by macula densa cells; high Na+ level, not enough absoprtion time, high GFR. MD cells will release paracrine cells=vasoconstrictors. Vasoconstriction= slowed GFR
55
Absorption helps to determine/indicate ___ levels?
GFR
56
what will MD cells do when they detect high or low concentration of Na+?
constrict or dilate arteriole
57
what will happen to GFR if BP exceeds or drops below 80-180 mmhg?"
will stop
58
where is the major site of reabsorption of organic nutrients?
the proximal convoluted tubule due to the microvilli enhanced surface area
59
solute reabsorption is regulated by ____
facilitated diffusion
60
the amount of solute concentration that can be resabsorbed is limited by?
the number of membrane transports available for that specific solute
61
Tm is?
Tm is the point where an increase in the # of solute failts to increase reabsorption
62
Tm is commonly used to assess what>
Glucose
63
Why is Tm used to assess glucose?
hyperglycemia exceeds Tm for glucose, resulting in glycosuria (glucose in the urine)
64
What hormones fine tune water reabsorption at the collecting duct and the distal convoluted tubule>
ADH and aldosterone
65
What does ADH target?
The principal cells of the collecting duct
66
what does ANP target?
targets the principal cells of the Collecting duct
67
what does hormone ANP do?
lowers BP; inhibits Na+ reabsoprtion. excretes Na+.
68
ANP stands for?>
Atrial Natriuetic Peptide
69
Intercalated cells are ?
Cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
70
what do intercalated cells do>
regulate acid-base pH balance
71
What do A cells do?
enhance H+ excretion in acidemia
72
What do B cells do?
enhance bicarbonate excretion in alkanemia
73
what are water channels called?
Aquaporins
74
ADH makes what type of passageway?
Aquaporins
75
where are the major sites of secretion?
the PCT, the CD, and DCT
76
what are some substances secreted?
aldosterone, urea, creatinine, bicarbonate, h+ ions, protein bound metabolites
77
definition of urine
substances filtered and secreted minus substances reabsorped
78
subtances entering glomerulus capsule space are called
filtrate
79
what are the 2 processes of water reabsorption?
Obligatory reab. and Facultative reab.
80
What is Facultative reabs?
the job of hormones
81
Obligatory reab. accounts for how much of water reab?
90%
82
Obligatory reabs helps to do what to urine?
concentrate
83
obligatory reabs. involves ____ and ___
juxtadeullary nephrons and the vasa recta
84
what is the thin ascending limb and CD permeable to?
urea
85
what is the thick ascending limb permeable to?
Na+
86
what is the descending limb permeable to?
water! has aquaporins
87
if descending limb has more solute outside where does it flow?
the peritubular capillaries
88
vasa recta maintains the ___ ___
osmolarity gradient
89
vasa recta is what type of reabsorp?
obligatory
90
what is the clinical term for urination?
micturition
91
what is the involuntary control of the bladder?
interal sphincter
92
what is the voluntary skeletal muscle control in bladder called
external sphincter
93
where is urine recessed in bladder?
trigone region
94
what is the tissue of the bladder?
transitional epithelium
95
why is it called transitional epithelium?
bladder empty= cells round. bladder full= cells stretched
96
countercurrent exchange is where?
in the vasa recta
97
is the capillary permeability high or low?
High to slow blood flow rate
98
what does facultative reab. respond to?
changes in ECF osmolarity
99
what does the facultative reabsp. regulate?
the final volume of urine output--dilutes or concentrates it
100
what is the fine tuning of dehydration and overhydration before urination?
facultative resabsorp.
101
ADH upregulates ...
aquaporins
102
the RAAS system directly...
reabsorbs Na+, indirect effect on H2O reabsp. by osmosis
103
Urine flows out ureters via
peristalsis
104
urine is stored in __ and excreted through __
bladder, urethra
105
Micturtion involves the contraction of what muscle
detrusor muscle
106
where is a high risk for utis to start?
trigone area
107
what are the 3 fluid compartments?
plasma, interstitial, intracellular
108
muscles are highly hydrated or not?
highly hydrated
109
osmotic power is ___
the ability to pull water across a membrane into the area of highest solute
110
water moves ___ osmotic gradient
DOWN
111
water ___ solute
follows
112
what is edema?
the buildup of of excess water in the interstitial fluid compartment
113
pitting edema means
the skin indents
114
myxedmea is caused by what?
thyroid disease
115
osmotic power is a ___ property
colligative
116
what is the colligative property of a solution determined by?
the number of particles, NOT the identity of the solute particles
117
both ____ and ____ exert osmotic power
electrolytes, nonelectrolytes
118
nonelectrolytes are typically what type of molecules?
organic molecules that dissolve in water. EG. glucose
119
electrolytes are ___
substcs that dissociate either completely or weakly in polar covalent water as cations or anions EG. salts, acids, bases
120
the osmotic power of __ is greater than the power of ___
electrolytes is greater than nonelectrolytes
121
the ability to pull water into a fluid copmpartment is directly related to ?
the number of particles in a solution
122
how do you measure ion ?
mEq/L...milliequivilants per liter plasma
123
fluid intake and output are regulated to maintain ____
plasma osmolality
124
obligatory water loss of the body includes
feces, sweating, and vapor
125
Hyponatremia is
overhydration
126
what is osmoles?
the measure of solute concentration is plasma
127
osmolarity is >
the measure of solute concentration in solution per liter volume
128
osmolality is
the measure of solute concentration in solution per kg mass
129
What is the normal plasma osmolarity volume?
280-300 mOsm/L
130
what is the normal plasma osmolality weight?
275-295 mOsm/kg
131
clinical osmometers use the _____ method
freezing point depression method
132
the greater the ____ of ___, the ___ the ____ of water
greater the number of particles, the lower the freezing point of water
133
which part of the brain is responsible for the homeostatic regulation of water balance>
the hypothalamus
134
what are the hormones that regulate water balance?
ADH, ANP, AND RAAS
135
HYPOTHALAMUS contains what type of receptors?
osmoreceptors
136
what do osmoreceptors indicate?
when thirsty, when to drink
137
where is ADH synthesized?
in the hypothalamus
138
RAAS mechanisms do what to plasma volume and osmolality?
increase plasma volume, decrease osmolality
139
ADH is AKA
Arginine vasopressin
140
Which hormone directly and which hormone indirectly influences osmosis?
ADH is direct and aldosterone is indirect
141
where is ADH stored?
in the posterior pituitary
142
what regulate ADH release?
plasma volume levels and plasma osmolarity
143
ADH also helps in hemorraghing how?
will constrict the tunica media SM and vasoconstrict to increase BP
144
where is ANP released from?
the atrium
145
what does ANP do?
decreases plasma volume by increasing excretion of Na+
146
What is one treatment for heart failure?
ANP
147
Dehydration ____ plasma osmolarity
increases
148
Dehydration uncompensated will lead to
cell crenation due to water being pulled out of the intracellular space
149
overhydration ____ plasma osmolarity
decreases
150
hypotonic hydration leads to
hyponatremia
151
what is a danger of hypotonic hydration?
cerebral edema
152
hyponatremia means the ___ levels in blood are too low
sodium
153
Diabetes Insipidus is a
disorder of ADH secretion
154
lack of ADH leads to
polyuria
155
polyuria leads to
severe dehydration and crenation
156
symptoms of syndrome of innapropriate ADH release
excessive water retention, risk for cerebral edema, hyponatremia
157
pH stands for
power of hydrogen
158
pH always implies a solution in ___
water
159
plasma compartment pH
7.4
160
Interstitial fluid pH
7.35
161
ICF pH
7.0
162
plasma pH is regulated by 3 mechanisms
chemical buffers, respiratory system, and renal regulation
163
what is the job ob a buffer?
resist changes in pH
164
what is an example of a common buffer?
carbonic acid
165
what is an example of a weak base?
NaHCO3
166
what is a strong base?
NaOH
167
what are the 3 physiological buffer systems?
bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, and protein buffer system
168
carbonic acid-bicarbonate =
the blood plasma buffer
169
what can also act as a blood protein buffer?
hemoglobin
170
what part of the brain is responsible for regulating the breathing rate?
the brainstem medulla and pons
171
Carbonic acid is also called what kind of acid
volatile acid
172
how do the kidneys regulate ph?
they reabsorb H+ and bicarbonate
173
kidneys can synthesize
bicarbonate
174
what are some nonvolatile acids?
lactic acid, ketone bodies, uric acid
175
disorders are either ___ or ____
metabolic or respiratory
176
filtration definition
a separation process; solute through selectively permeable membrane
177
the kidneys synthesize what hormone?
Erythropoiten (EPO)
178
vitamin d is converted to what active hormone?
calcitriol
