Test 5 Flashcards
What is asthma?
Asthma is a chronic disorder characterized by periods of reversible airflow obstruction. Asthma attacks are caused by hyperreactive airways leading to contraction of the muscles surrounding the airways and inflamed airways
What are some signs and symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing
Coughing
Dyspnea
Chest tightness
What can trigger an asthma attack in a patient?
Inhalation of airborne allergens Pollutants Airway infections Exercise Emotional stress
What is COPD
COPD is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by chronic airflow limitation that Is not fully reversible. COPD includes two obstructive airway diseases: chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
What is chronic bronchitis?
Chronic bronchitis is development of obstruction of the trachea and bronchi due to hypersecretion of mucus. Caused by irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or respiratory infection.
What are some signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis?
Productive cough
Dyspnea upon excerption
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is caused when the alveolar walls are destroyed leading to permanent abnormal enlargement. The most common cause is cigarette smoking.
What are some signs and symptoms of emphysema?
Underweight
Barrel chested
SOB with minimal exertion
What is RSV?
RSV is respiratory syncytial virus. Mostly found in children. RSV can lead to serious, sometimes life-threatening problems such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, an inflammation of the small airways of the lungs. Transferred by droplets.
What are some signs and symptoms of RSV in children and infants?
A high-pitched whistling or wheezing noise when they breathe
Being unusually upset or inactive
A cough with yellow, green, or gray mucus
Trouble breathing or pauses in their breaths
Refusing to breastfeed or bottle-feed
Signs of dehydration: lack of tears when crying, little or no urine in their diaper for 6 hours, and cool, dry skin
What is SIDS?
SIDS is sudden infant death syndrome. The exact cause of SIDS id unknown but is thought to be caused by a defective portion of the brain that controls breathing and arousal from sleep. Occurs within infants 2-6 months old.
What is cystic fibrosis?
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that is causes the lungs and digestive system to get clogged with mucus.
What are some signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
Persistent cough with phlegm Postnasal drip Wheezing Shortness of breath Sinusitis Inability to exercise Male infertility Repeated lung infections Foul-smelling, bulky greasy stools Poor growth and low body weight despite a good appetite Blockage in the intestinal especially in newborns Diarrhea/constipation
What is an ejection fraction?
Ejection fraction is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving your heart each time it contracts. The ejection fracture measures your left ventricular output. Measured by echocardiogram. (Transesophageal echocardiogram Pt remains NPO)
What are the values for ejection fraction?
An ejection fraction of 55% or higher is considered normal. If the ejection fraction is 50-55% it is considered borderline. If the ejection fraction is below 50% it is considered reduced and is a possible indicator of a heart disease or disorder.
What is a murmur?
A murmur is a sound produced in your heart from a defect in a heart valve. Heart murmurs can be heard through a stethoscope as a whooshing or swishing sounds. Some murmurs can be harmless but others can indicate an underlying disease.
What is the difference between a grade 1 and grade 6 murmur?
A grade 1 heart murmur is barely audible. A grade 6 heart murmur is very audible and very loud with a thrill present (A thrill is a palpable vibration over the site of the murmur).
What are the grades of heart murmurs?
Grade 1: Faint murmur that can only be heard after a few seconds have elapsed.
Grade 2: Faint murmur that is heard immediately.
Grade 3: Moderate murmur intensity.
Grade 4: Loud murmur, a thrill may be present
Grade 5: Loud murmur that can be heard if only the edge of the stethoscope is in contact with the skin, a thrill is present
Grade 6: Loud murmur that can be heard with the chest piece just removed from and not touching the skin, a thrill is present
What is pulmonary circulation?
The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.
What is systemic circulation?
Circulation of blood throughout the body through the arteries, capillaries, and veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to various tissues and return venous blood to the right atrium.
What is coronary circulation?
Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, and cardiac veins drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated.
What are some factors that effect pulse rate?
Stress Drugs Fever Sickness Exercise
How does age affect perfusion?
Older adults tend tends to decrease as arteries stiffen and lead to higher blood pressure along with decreased cardiac output by approximately 30-40%. Increased risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and kidney issues.
What are Korotkoff sounds?
Korotkoff sounds are found when taking a manual blood pressure with a cuff and stethoscope. The first sound heard when deflating the cuff indicates the systolic blood pressure, while the last sound indicates diastolic blood pressure.
What are some tests that can be done to test adequate oxygen perfusion?
Capillary refill SpO2 readings Stress tests Skin assessments (Skin should be warm and dry not cool and clammy as this could indicate decreased blood flow) Blanching Pulses AMS
What is Virchow’s triad?
Virchow’s triad or the triad of Virchow describes the three broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to thrombosis. The three points of the triad that lead to thrombosis are:
Stasis of blood flow
Endothelial injury
Hypercoagulability
What is deep vein thrombosis?
Condition where blood clots form deep within the patients veins. Deep vein thrombosis can be caused by obesity, sedentary lifestyle, heart disease, heavy smoking, or surgeries and etc.
What are some signs and symptoms of DVT?
Swelling of foot, ankle, or leg, usually on one side
Cramping of the affected leg that usually begins in the calf
Severe leg pain
Skin on the affected area is warmer than the skin on surrounding areas
Bluish, reddish, or pale colored skin over the affected area
(some can be asymptomatic)
What are some signs and symptoms of hypertension?
Severe headache Severe anxiety Shortness of breath Nosebleed Feeling of pulsations in the neck or head (many are asymptomatic)
What is PVD?
PVD is peripheral vascular disease caused by buildup of fatty materials inside of veins and arteries and hardening of them as well.
What are some signs and symptoms of PVD?
hat disappears after rest
Painful cramping in the hip, thigh, or calf muscles
Weakness or numbness, tingling, or feeling of pins and needles in the lower legs or feet
Coldness in the lower leg or foot
Sores on the legs, feet, or toes that do not heal
Change in color of the legs
Loss of hair or slow growing hair on the legs and feet
Slow growing toenails
Shiny skin on the legs
Weak pulse or no pulse in the legs or feet
How would you treat SIDS?
The only way to treat SIDS is to perform infant CPR
What are risk factors for SIDS?
Overheating Co-sleeping History of respiratory illness Premature or underweight Family history of smoking Prone or side sleeping positions
