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Dental materials > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of restoration is amalgam?

A

Direct

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2
Q

How long has amalgam been used in restoring teeth successfully?

A

Over 165 years

approximately 50 million placed each year.

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3
Q

What has stimulated the rise in tooth color restorations?

A

Due to the less than .01% adverse reactions and the concerns of patients, plus the lack of esthetics

there is still a great concern over the sensitivity experienced with tooth color restorations in posterior teeth

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4
Q

What is the most durable, easy to handle and has physical characteristics that are compatible in the mouth?

A

Amalgam

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5
Q

What is Alloy?

A

a mixture of two or more metals

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6
Q

What is the definition and composition of amalgam?

A

Metallic restoration material composed of silver based alloy with mercury

composition- high copper alloy

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7
Q

Characteristics of amalgam

A

tarnish

corrosion

creep

high copper alloy

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8
Q

What is tarnish?

A

Surface discoloration by oxidation

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9
Q

What is corrosion?

A

breakdown by CHEMICAL reaction

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10
Q

What is creep?

A

gradual change in the shape of a restoration due to compression

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11
Q

what is a high copper alloy

A

admixed or spherical types require less mercury

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12
Q

What equipment is used to mix amalgam?

A

Amalgamator

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13
Q

What is the act of mixing amalgam?

A

trituration

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14
Q

What are the types of mixes of amalgam?

A

capsules (primary packaging today)

pellets (mercury)

powder (mercury)

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15
Q

what two ways can amalgam be manipulated?

A

hand (no longer in existence)

mechanical

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16
Q

what does mulling mean?

A

to bring to a uniform mass

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17
Q

What are the three ways mercury can enter the body?

A

inhalation

swallowing

careless use of mercury

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18
Q

when placing or removing amalgam restorations:

A

take precaution to prevent swallowing of amalgam or inhaling mercury. HVE and rubber dam minimize swallowing/inhaling of amalgam

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19
Q

what is the safe level of mercury in a 40 hour work week at the threshold limit value (TLV)

A

.005mg/m3

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20
Q

what main organ does mercury accumulate?

A

kidneys

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21
Q

what organs retain mercury the longest?

A

brain, kidneys, and testicles

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22
Q

what kind of test is done for mercury levels?

A

urine analysis

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23
Q

What are casting alloys?

A

indirect restorations

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24
Q

What did Taggart invent?

A

in the 1900’s, the lost wax technique restorations made from metal and cast into a mold

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25
Q

why is pure metal hardly used?

A

due to weakness and being too soft

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26
Q

Gold dental casting alloy classification

A

high noble

noble metals

wrought metals

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27
Q

High Noble

A

Does not corrode or tarnish contains 40% gold and 60% noble metals

classified by its content;
karat-measure of gold content
fineness-is the % of gold x10

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28
Q

Noble metals

A

precious metals, due to high monetary value

pt: platinum- increased in price due to shortages
pd: palladium- corrosion resistance, hardness, less expensive

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29
Q

base metals

A

(non precious) (due to low cost)

most common are- chrome cobalt and nickel chrome

primary base metals are- copper, nickel, silver, zinc, tin and titanium

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30
Q

wrought metals

A

formed after the metal is casted

example- wire clasps

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31
Q

what are noble metals more compatible with?

A

oral tissues

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32
Q

What is the allergy rate to nickel?

A

9%-12% for the general population

women have a higher rate of allergy to nickel than men (10-1)

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33
Q

where is the allergic response to nickel seen?

A

around free gingival tissues

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34
Q

what is the inhalation of berrylium known to contribute?

A

to lung disease called berylliosis

ventilation and proper PPE should be worn

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35
Q

how are lab techs at risk with nickel and beryllium?

A

due to casting, grinding and polishing metals

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36
Q

what are solders?

A

alloy used to join metals together

3 processes-
solders
brazing
welding

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37
Q

what are the 2 types of solders?

A

gold based- used in crown and bridge work

silver based- used in orthodontics and pediatric dentistry

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38
Q

what metals are used in orthodontics?

A

composed of base metals nickel and titanium called nitinol and is used because of the spring back effect for the arch wires due to the gradual tooth movement

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39
Q

what are endodontics?

A

files and reamers are made from wrought metals. they are used from this metal to maintain the twisting motion involved while removing pulpal tissue with the hand instruments- files and reamers

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40
Q

What are composites composed of?

A

Resin matrix

filler particles (macro, micro, hybrid, microhybrid, nanohybrid, nanocomposites)

coupling agent

pigments

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41
Q

resin matrix

A

bis-GMA or UDMA

(bisphenol a glycidyl dimethacrylate)

(urethane dimethacrylate)

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42
Q

filler particles

A

fillers make the composite stronger and more resistant

by size

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43
Q

macro-filled

A

larger filled (the very first composite material contained these particles)

an early generation of composites that contain filler particles ranging from 10-100 microns

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44
Q

micro filled

A

very small particles

composites that contain very small filler particles averaging 0.04

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45
Q

hybrid

A

(combination of micro and macro)

composites that contain both fine fill (2-4) and microfill(0.04-0.2) particles to obtain the strength of macrofilli and polishability of microfilli

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46
Q

microbybrid

A

even smaller particles contain higher filler content

0.04-1

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47
Q

nanohybrid

A

small hybrids, polish, less resin

48
Q

nanocomposites

A

composites that contain all nanosized fillers to enhance physical properties

49
Q

coupling agent

A

silane (this helps bind organic filler and resin matrix to adhere to tooth structure)

50
Q

pigments

A

organic and offer different shades to the matieral

51
Q

Polymerization (modes of cure)

A

chemical
light cured
dual cure

52
Q

chemical mode of cure

A

two pastes, syringes or cartridges (self cure)

53
Q

light cured

A

by a visible light (VLC)

54
Q

dual cure

A

combination of both chemical and light to activate the material to set

55
Q

flowable composite

A

used to fill spaces that cannot be reached by packable composite

low viscosity, light cured resins may be lightly filled (40%) or more heavily (up to 70%)

56
Q

pit and fissure sealants

A

low viscosity resin that prevent dental decay

57
Q

bulk fill composites

A

these were developed to speed up the placement process of the composite restoration

used to fill with larger amounts of material, less time (flowable-and viscous nano hybrids, less fillers, not suitable for class 2)

58
Q

Packable composites

A

used in posterior restorations

highly viscous micro hybrid that contain high volume of filler particles

class 1 and class 2 restorations

59
Q

smart composite

A

material has not been proven to be as effective as thought

60
Q

core build up material

A

used in place of amalgam or composite build up tooth structure that is badly broken down

61
Q

what is one very important factor when restoring a tooth with a composite materials?

A

layer in increments and cured (polymerize) each layer. this hardens the materials with in turn and cuts down on severe sensitivity in the restored tooth

62
Q

What are the physical and mechanical properties of composites?

A

composite materials wear faster

bispheonal A may have been linked to mimic the effects of estrogen and cause the development of secondary female characteristics which stimulate certain cancer cells

formaldehyde may also be formed in a by product of polymerization which in turn can cause tissue reaction which resemble lichens planus

composite is weak

water softens the material which causes shrinkage

63
Q

what classes are made up of composite restorations?

A

classes I through class VI

64
Q

what are suited for anterior restorations?

A

microfill and microbybrid

65
Q

what should you do before you begin a procedure for composites?

A

take an accurate shade before

66
Q

what is a must when placing a composite?

A

incremental placement and curing. this reduces sensitivity as well as making sure the margins are sealed

67
Q

what is one thing you should never use on a composite material?

A

alcohol because it weakens the material. the same applies for bonding material, do not use on the instrument this weakens it

68
Q

what can contaminate and must be removed from the tooth structure and re etched?

A

saliva, blood and fluid from the gingival sulcus

69
Q

what is another issue with composite material?

A

cross contamination

all delivery systems as well as syringes should not be cross contaminated/ disposable tips are packaged in the material to prevent this from occurring

70
Q

what factors effect the cure of restoration?

A

short curing times
inadequate light output
strong wavelength of light
incorrectly positioned light guide

71
Q

what factors affect the mechanical and physical properties of light cure?

A

not receiving the correct amount of radiant energy at the right exposure time and the right wavelength in order for them to polymerize completely

72
Q

types of light curing units

A

quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH or halogen)

Light emitting diode (LED)

argon laser

plasma arch curing (PAC)

73
Q

what kind of damage does the lights cause on the eye?

A

aging of the retina, low level light over a period of time can lead to macular degeneration

74
Q

infection control procedure for light curing

A

barriers on wands, also acts as purpose to keep material from building up on lights

75
Q

two most common reason for failure of light cured composites

A

fracture of restoration and recurrent caries

76
Q

what operator errors occur with the failing of composites?

A

poor cavity preparation, inadequate isolation, over or underetching, improper rinsing and drying of tooth, poor incremental placement techniques, open proximal contacts, over heating pulp and inadequate curing of the bonding agent or composite resin

77
Q

Glass Ionomer Cements (GIC’s)

A

introduced in the early 1970’s by Wilson and Kent. GIC’s are self cured, fluoride releasing materials that bond to tooth structure directly without a bonding agent

78
Q

Classifying of GIC materials:

A

Type 1: luting (cementation) agents

Type 2: restorative materials

Type 3: liners and bases for cavity preparations

79
Q

Packaging of GIC’s

A

hand mixed powder and liquid

encapsulated powder and liquid

two paste systems

syringes

80
Q

Physical and Mechanical properties of glass ionomers

A

biocompatibility

bond to tooth structure

fluoride release

solubility thermal expansion and extraction

thermal protection

compressive and tensile strength

wear resistance

radiopacity

color

81
Q

bond to tooth structure

A

bond to enamel and dentin thru chemical ion exchange mechanism that allows the material to bing with calcium ions in the tooth

82
Q

fluoride release

A

they release an initially high level of fluoride for the first few days and then the fluoride levels fall to low levels. absorb fluoride from in office applications, fluoride rinses, or fluoride tooth paste and re release it, thereby acting as a fluoride reservoir

83
Q

solubility

A

highly soluble during this time for the first 24 hours

84
Q

thermal expansion and contraction

A

similar to tooth structure and stiffness (modulus of elasticity) comparable to dentin

85
Q

thermal protection

A

they are good insulators against temperature extremes

86
Q

compressive and tensile strength

A

moderately high but weaker in tension and brittle in sections. should not be used in stress bearing areas such as occlusal surfaces and incisal im edges for permanent teeth

87
Q

wear resistance

A

wear faster than composite resins. surface gets rougher into time.

88
Q

radiopacity of GIC

A

more radiopaque than dentin

89
Q

color of GIC

A

more opaque than composites. translucency and the number of colors available have improved over the years

90
Q

hybrid ionomers

A

contain HEMA (stronger than resin)

have nano particles (micro particles)

used mainly to restore primary teeth

91
Q

compomers

A 
resins that are modified with poly acid 
mainly used for class 3 and 5 restorations
92
Q

giomers

A

combination of composite materials and glass ionomers

release fluoride slower

very beneficial for cervical carious or non carious

93
Q

types of ceramics

A

glass based

non glass based

94
Q

ceramics

A

materials composed of inorganic metal oxide compounds, including porcelain and similar ceramic materials that require baking at high temperature to fuse small particles together

95
Q

porcelain

A

a tooth colored ceramic material composed of crystals of feldspar, alumina and silica that are fused together at high temperature to form a hard, uniform, glass like material

96
Q

sintering

A

fusion of ceramic particles at their borders by beating them to the point that they just star to melt

97
Q

CAD/CAM

A

computer assisted design / computer assisted matching applies technology that uses computers to design and milling device to cut restorations from blocks of dental materials

98
Q

veneer

A

thin layer of ceramic or composite resin material that is bonded to the fronts of teeth to improve their appearance

99
Q

porcelain metal restoration

A

restoration that has metal core over which porcelain is fused at high temperature. commonly referred to as porcelain-fused-to metal (PFM) or porcleain bonded to metal (PBM)

100
Q

hue

A

the basic color of an object (red, yellow, green, blue)

101
Q

chroma

A

the intensity of the color (hue) (pastel blue is less intense and has less chroma than a royal blue)

102
Q

value

A

the brightness of a color, it’s lightness or darkness

103
Q

glass based ceramics

A

main ingredient is silica, glassy matrix

feldspathic porcelains, leucite-reinforced ceramics, and lithium disilicate ceramics

104
Q

non glass based ceramics

A

simple or complex oxides

no glassy matrix, alumina zirconia

105
Q

all ceramic restorations

A

advantages- no metal substance one day crown

disadvantages- very brittle, hard to repair

106
Q

glass based ceramics

A

porcelain describes tooth colored materials

non glass- zirconia presently used less expensive as porcleain

107
Q

processing tech. of ceramics

A

sintering, slip casting, heat processing

108
Q

slip casting

A

ceramic powder is mixed with a water based liquid to form a mass or slip to soak up die

109
Q

heat processing

A

same as lost wax tech. heated at high temperature and casted

110
Q

type of anterior restorations for ceramics

A

porcelain
veneers
porcelain fused to metal

111
Q

types of posterior restoration for ceramics

A

inlay
onlay
gold crown

112
Q

failure in ceramics

A

small crack from being under a load

heating during processing

113
Q

shade taking in ceramics

A

very critical

shades might very from the cervical line, middle third, and occlusal third

hue, chroma and value revisiting these terms

114
Q

uses of glass ionomers

A

bases
liner
cements
restorative materials

115
Q

coping

A

thin covering like a thimble that serves as a substructure for a porcelain bonded to metal crown

Dental materials (3 decks)

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