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Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two important hormones produced by the kidney and what is their purpose?

A

Erythropoietin for RBC synthesis, Renin for regulating hormone production in ion balance

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2
Q

T or F? The kidneys may receive 20-25% of CO

A

T

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3
Q

The loop of Henle is always located within the _____ of the kidney

A

Medulla

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4
Q

What is the path of blood in the kidneys?

A

Renal artery–>Afferent arterioles–>Glomerus–>Efferent Arteriole–>Peritubular Capillaries -or- vasa recta–>Renal vein

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5
Q

The tube that descends into the medulla is called the _____ _____ in the cortical nephron and the _____ _____ in the juxtamedular nephron.

A

Peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

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6
Q

What two structures form a portal system in the kidneys?

A

Glomerular, and peritubular, capillaries

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7
Q

T or F? Fenestrated capillaries can be found in peritubular capillaries.

A

F. They are found in the glomerus.

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8
Q

Filtrate in the proximal tubule is _____ to plasma . At the end of the loop of Henle, it is _____.

A

Isosmotic, hyposmotic

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9
Q

Is water absorbed in the loop of Henle?

A

No

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10
Q

What are the three barriers in the glomerus?

A

Fenestrated Capillaries, basal lamina, Bowman Epithelium (creates podocytes and the slits between them create proteins for selective filtration.

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11
Q

If hydrostatic pressure within the glomerus decreases,

A

GFR increases

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12
Q

If the Renal afferent arteriole constricts,

A

GFR decreases

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13
Q

Describe Myogenic Autoregulation

A

Increased pressure results in stretching of afferent arteriole. Stretch sensors increase action potential rate. Vasoconstriction occurs after Ca entry.

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14
Q

Describe Tubuloglomerular Autoregulation

A

Increased Flow in ascending tubule results in more NaCl. Macula Densa on tubule senses increased NaCl. Releases paracrine to Granular cells. Granular cells release renin. Arteriole Constricts. Decreases GFR.

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15
Q

Sodium enters by _____ transport through ENaC and Leak Channels on the _____ membrane, but how is it pumped into the IF?

A

passive, apical, Active transport using the NaKATPase pump

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16
Q

How is glucose reabsorbed into the tubule cell? And put into the IF?

A

Using Na- dependent symports like SGLT. Using the GLUT protein (facilitated diffusion).

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17
Q

Proteins are moved by _____ in the proximal tubule, but Urea is moved when…

A

Endocytosis. Other solutes diffuse across the membrane, causing osmosis. When the concentration in the tubule becomes greater than the ECF, Urea moves into the ECF

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18
Q

Saturation occurs when…

A

No additional solute concentration results in a proportional increase in transport rate.

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19
Q

IF is reabsorbed into the capillaries when…

A

the colloid osmotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the capillaries.

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20
Q

When stretch receptors are increase in tone in the bladder…

A

Send signal to CNS. CNS then excites Parasympathetic neurons controlling smooth muscle of bladder and inhibits skeletal muscle of external sphincter. Results in micturition.

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21
Q

If concentrated urine is excreted, then the kidneys are trying to _____ water.

A

conserve

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22
Q

Water is reabsorbed in which two parts of the nephron?

A

Collecting duct and proximal tubule

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23
Q

Ascending limb of loop of Henle is _____ to water

A

impermeable

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24
Q

Which hormone is specialized for water retention, where is it from, and what is its receptor called?

A

Vasopressin, Hypothalamus, V2

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25
After Vasopressin binding what is the pathway for water reabsorption?
Activation causes cAMP proliferation. Activates vesicles for AQP2 pores. Water moves through AQP2 channels by osmosis.
26
What is the strongest stimulus for vasopressin release?
High ECF osmolarity.
27
Stop what you're doing and draw the countercurrent exchange system showing movement of solutes
Addaway, sexy
28
What vasopressin involved solute is used in the maintenance of medullary interstitial osmolarity?
Urea
29
What hormone is directly involved in Sodium reabsorption? Where is it made?
Aldosterone, Adrenal cortex
30
Which two ions are affected by aldosterone release and how?
Na in cell increases through additional ENaC channel formation and K secreted increases because of up regulation of NaKATPase and ROMK formation
31
What is the one inhibitory signal for Aldosterone secretion?
High ECF osmolarity
32
Describe the Renin- Angiotensin pathway.
If a decrease in pressure is registered: 1) Renal Arterioles send signal to Granular cells, as well as paracines from Macula Densa, and sympathetic innervation. 2) Renin converts Angiotensinogen to ANG1 and ACE converts ANG1--> ANG2. ANG2 causes aldosterone secretion, increasing osmolarity, and therefore increasing water reabsorption.
33
What are the five effects of ANG2 (direct and indirect).
Increased vasoconstriction, sympathetic stimulation, Thirst, vasopressin release, Na reabsorption in proximal tubule
34
If you are in a state of acidosis (a low pH), are neurons more or less excitable? Why?
less due to increased K outside the cell, increasing the membrane potential.
35
What is the largest source of Hydrogen protons?
CO2
36
Increase plasma pH affects which chemoreceptors? Increasing partial P CO2?
Carotid and aortic, central
37
Where are the Intercalated cells located and which responds to pH disturbance?
In distal nephron. Type A for Acidosis, Type B for Alkolosis
38
What transporters are found on Type A apical membranes?
H-ATPase, K-H-ATPase
39
What transporters are found on Type B apical membranes?
HCO3- Cl exchanger
40
What is the Sodium-dependent basolateral transporter in proximal tubules called?
Na- Bicarb symport
41
Chyme is made up of...
digested food and enzymes
42
Which absorbs more fluid, the small or large intestine?
Small
43
T or F? The esophagus has one sphincter located near the oral cavity.
F, Upper is near oral cavity, Lower is near stomach
44
Which valve controls the release of chyme into the small intestine?
Pyloric valve
45
What are the three salivary glands?
Parotid, sublingual, submandibular
46
From the Esophagus to the pylorus, what are the parts of the stomach?
Fundus, Body, Antrum
47
What are the two parts of the ENS and what do they innervate?
Submucosal plexus innervates the mucosa and muscle inside mucosa. Myenteric plexus innervates the Muscularis Externa
48
What are the invaginations of the stomach and small intestine called?
Stomach: gastric glands, SI: crypts
49
T or F, The stomach uses villi in order to increase surface area.
F, it uses Rugae and Plicae instead
50
Where can you find Peyers patches?
In the small intestine
51
What type of contractions occur between meals?
Migrating Motor Complex
52
During a meal, what type of contractions help push food into the small intestine.
Long Peristaltic contractions in the esophagus and short peristaltic contractions in the stomach
53
_____ contractions aid in mixing of chyme
Segmental
54
What type of contractions do sphincters usually utilize?
Tonic
55
The interstitial cells of Cajal tend to generate _____ _____ _____
slow wave potentials
56
How do slow wave potentials alter Muscular contraction in the GI tract?
Greater depolarization and sustained depolarization is additive and can cause a greater duration and force of contraction in Smooth muscle
57
Gastric acid is produced by the...
parietal cells
58
Food in the stomach causes an alkaline tide. Why is this?
When food enters the stomach, gastric acid is released. A byproduct of gastric acid is the base, bicarb. This flows into the capillary and buffers the pH of the blood.
59
What are the functions of the two types of pancreatic cells?
Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes while duct cells secrete NaHCO3 for neutralization of chyme in small intestine.
60
What enzyme is highly present in duct cells and duodenal cells?
Carbonic anhydrase
61
Crypt cells are important for lubrication because...
they contain CFTR channels that allow a saline layer to develop with paracellular transport of water and H2O.
62
Which organ produces bile and which stores it?
Liver, gallbladder.
63
What is the pigment derived form hemoglobin?
Bilirubin
64
In the small intestine, Fluid is secreted in the _____ and absorption takes place in the _____
Crypts, villi
65
What are the three disaccharides and what are their monomers?
Maltose=Glu+Glu Sucrose=Glu+Fru Lactose=Glu+Gal
66
All monosaccharides exit through a _____ transporter, but fructose enters on a _____ and glucose on a _____
GLUT2, GLUT5, SGLT
67
If an enzyme breaks a protein down by breaking internal bonds, it is an _____
endopeptidase
68
Amino acids enter a cell by what can of transporter?
Na cotransporter.
69
If a Di or Tripeptide enters a cell, its cotransporter is _____
H+
70
What is the function of colipase?
Breaks up bile salt coating in order to allow lipase to digest fats
71
What is a chylomicron
a product of smooth ER, formed of absorbed fats, cholesterol, and proteins
72
Can a Chylomicron be absorbed into the blood stream?
No they are too big. They are removed by the Lymphatic system.
73
What is the basolateral transporter for Iron ions? The Apical?
Ferroportin, DMT1. DMT1 needs a cotransport of H+
74
What are the three pathways for calcium absorption into the ECF?
Paracellular, Na Ca antiport, Ca ATPase
75
In the intestine, how is Potassium absorbed?
Paracellularly
76
If Iron is too high in the blood, what is the response by the liver?
Secrete Hepcidin so that it binds to ferroportin and marks it for destruction
77
What is the primary difference between long and short reflexes?
If the integration occurs in the CNS, it is long.
78
Which hormone stimulates the Migrating Motor Complex?
Motilin
79
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide and Glucagon-Like peptide 1 function in the same manner in that they stimulate _____ release.
insulin
80
Write out the functions for of G, D, Chief, Parietal, and ELC cells located in the stomach.
G- releases gastrin, promotes gastric acid release and histamine release D- releases somatostatin, inhibits gastric acid release Chief- releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase for breaking down proteins and lipids, respectively. Parietal- releases gastric acid and intrinsic factor ELC- releases histamines which work on parietal cells
81
Which peptides are involved in decreasing food intake?
CCK, GLP1, NPY
82
Leptin is released by _____ and tends to _____ food intake.
Fat, decrease
83
What are the RQ's for a diet of pure Fat, Carbs, and Protein? RQ is the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed.
0.7/ 1.0/ .8
84
What is the Calorie per gram value of Fat, Carbs, and Protein?
9/4/4
85
Anabolic Pathways tend to... . They occur during a _____ state.
synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones. Fed
86
If a pathway breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, it is _____ and occurs during a _____ state.
Catabolic, fasted
87
What is the difference between Glycolysis and Glycogenolysis?
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into glycerol and pyruvate. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
88
In a fasted state, _____ is created more than _____ due to the influence of _____.
Glucose, Glycogen, Glucagon
89
HDL transports cholesterol...
out of plasma
90
What are the two molecules used for energy in the brain?
Glucose and ketones
91
Glycogenolysis occurs only in the _____. How does muscle use Glycogen?
Liver. Glycogen is broken down into pyruvate and is used to make glucose through gluconeogenesis.
92
_____ peaks right before a meal and steadily decreases, whereas _____ peaks right after.
Glucagon, insulin
93
Which type of cells are responsible for insulin secretion in the pancreas?
Beta cells
94
Alpha cells in the pancreas tend to cause an increase in plasma _____.
Glucose

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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