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Human Physiology > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two important hormones produced by the kidney and what is their purpose?

A

Erythropoietin for RBC synthesis, Renin for regulating hormone production in ion balance

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2
Q

T or F? The kidneys may receive 20-25% of CO

A

T

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3
Q

The loop of Henle is always located within the _____ of the kidney

A

Medulla

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4
Q

What is the path of blood in the kidneys?

A

Renal artery–>Afferent arterioles–>Glomerus–>Efferent Arteriole–>Peritubular Capillaries -or- vasa recta–>Renal vein

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5
Q

The tube that descends into the medulla is called the _____ _____ in the cortical nephron and the _____ _____ in the juxtamedular nephron.

A

Peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

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6
Q

What two structures form a portal system in the kidneys?

A

Glomerular, and peritubular, capillaries

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7
Q

T or F? Fenestrated capillaries can be found in peritubular capillaries.

A

F. They are found in the glomerus.

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8
Q

Filtrate in the proximal tubule is _____ to plasma . At the end of the loop of Henle, it is _____.

A

Isosmotic, hyposmotic

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9
Q

Is water absorbed in the loop of Henle?

A

No

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10
Q

What are the three barriers in the glomerus?

A

Fenestrated Capillaries, basal lamina, Bowman Epithelium (creates podocytes and the slits between them create proteins for selective filtration.

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11
Q

If hydrostatic pressure within the glomerus decreases,

A

GFR increases

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12
Q

If the Renal afferent arteriole constricts,

A

GFR decreases

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13
Q

Describe Myogenic Autoregulation

A

Increased pressure results in stretching of afferent arteriole. Stretch sensors increase action potential rate. Vasoconstriction occurs after Ca entry.

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14
Q

Describe Tubuloglomerular Autoregulation

A

Increased Flow in ascending tubule results in more NaCl. Macula Densa on tubule senses increased NaCl. Releases paracrine to Granular cells. Granular cells release renin. Arteriole Constricts. Decreases GFR.

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15
Q

Sodium enters by _____ transport through ENaC and Leak Channels on the _____ membrane, but how is it pumped into the IF?

A

passive, apical, Active transport using the NaKATPase pump

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16
Q

How is glucose reabsorbed into the tubule cell? And put into the IF?

A

Using Na- dependent symports like SGLT. Using the GLUT protein (facilitated diffusion).

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17
Q

Proteins are moved by _____ in the proximal tubule, but Urea is moved when…

A

Endocytosis. Other solutes diffuse across the membrane, causing osmosis. When the concentration in the tubule becomes greater than the ECF, Urea moves into the ECF

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18
Q

Saturation occurs when…

A

No additional solute concentration results in a proportional increase in transport rate.

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19
Q

IF is reabsorbed into the capillaries when…

A

the colloid osmotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the capillaries.

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20
Q

When stretch receptors are increase in tone in the bladder…

A

Send signal to CNS. CNS then excites Parasympathetic neurons controlling smooth muscle of bladder and inhibits skeletal muscle of external sphincter. Results in micturition.

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21
Q

If concentrated urine is excreted, then the kidneys are trying to _____ water.

A

conserve

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22
Q

Water is reabsorbed in which two parts of the nephron?

A

Collecting duct and proximal tubule

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23
Q

Ascending limb of loop of Henle is _____ to water

A

impermeable

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24
Q

Which hormone is specialized for water retention, where is it from, and what is its receptor called?

A

Vasopressin, Hypothalamus, V2

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25
Q

After Vasopressin binding what is the pathway for water reabsorption?

A

Activation causes cAMP proliferation. Activates vesicles for AQP2 pores. Water moves through AQP2 channels by osmosis.

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26
Q

What is the strongest stimulus for vasopressin release?

A

High ECF osmolarity.

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27
Q

Stop what you’re doing and draw the countercurrent exchange system showing movement of solutes

A

Addaway, sexy

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28
Q

What vasopressin involved solute is used in the maintenance of medullary interstitial osmolarity?

A

Urea

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29
Q

What hormone is directly involved in Sodium reabsorption? Where is it made?

A

Aldosterone, Adrenal cortex

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30
Q

Which two ions are affected by aldosterone release and how?

A

Na in cell increases through additional ENaC channel formation and K secreted increases because of up regulation of NaKATPase and ROMK formation

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31
Q

What is the one inhibitory signal for Aldosterone secretion?

A

High ECF osmolarity

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32
Q

Describe the Renin- Angiotensin pathway.

A

If a decrease in pressure is registered: 1) Renal Arterioles send signal to Granular cells, as well as paracines from Macula Densa, and sympathetic innervation. 2) Renin converts Angiotensinogen to ANG1 and ACE converts ANG1–> ANG2. ANG2 causes aldosterone secretion, increasing osmolarity, and therefore increasing water reabsorption.

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33
Q

What are the five effects of ANG2 (direct and indirect).

A

Increased vasoconstriction, sympathetic stimulation, Thirst, vasopressin release, Na reabsorption in proximal tubule

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34
Q

If you are in a state of acidosis (a low pH), are neurons more or less excitable? Why?

A

less due to increased K outside the cell, increasing the membrane potential.

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35
Q

What is the largest source of Hydrogen protons?

A

CO2

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36
Q

Increase plasma pH affects which chemoreceptors? Increasing partial P CO2?

A

Carotid and aortic, central

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37
Q

Where are the Intercalated cells located and which responds to pH disturbance?

A

In distal nephron. Type A for Acidosis, Type B for Alkolosis

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38
Q

What transporters are found on Type A apical membranes?

A

H-ATPase, K-H-ATPase

39
Q

What transporters are found on Type B apical membranes?

A

HCO3- Cl exchanger

40
Q

What is the Sodium-dependent basolateral transporter in proximal tubules called?

A

Na- Bicarb symport

41
Q

Chyme is made up of…

A

digested food and enzymes

42
Q

Which absorbs more fluid, the small or large intestine?

A

Small

43
Q

T or F? The esophagus has one sphincter located near the oral cavity.

A

F, Upper is near oral cavity, Lower is near stomach

44
Q

Which valve controls the release of chyme into the small intestine?

A

Pyloric valve

45
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

Parotid, sublingual, submandibular

46
Q

From the Esophagus to the pylorus, what are the parts of the stomach?

A

Fundus, Body, Antrum

47
Q

What are the two parts of the ENS and what do they innervate?

A

Submucosal plexus innervates the mucosa and muscle inside mucosa. Myenteric plexus innervates the Muscularis Externa

48
Q

What are the invaginations of the stomach and small intestine called?

A

Stomach: gastric glands, SI: crypts

49
Q

T or F, The stomach uses villi in order to increase surface area.

A

F, it uses Rugae and Plicae instead

50
Q

Where can you find Peyers patches?

A

In the small intestine

51
Q

What type of contractions occur between meals?

A

Migrating Motor Complex

52
Q

During a meal, what type of contractions help push food into the small intestine.

A

Long Peristaltic contractions in the esophagus and short peristaltic contractions in the stomach

53
Q

_____ contractions aid in mixing of chyme

A

Segmental

54
Q

What type of contractions do sphincters usually utilize?

A

Tonic

55
Q

The interstitial cells of Cajal tend to generate _____ _____ _____

A

slow wave potentials

56
Q

How do slow wave potentials alter Muscular contraction in the GI tract?

A

Greater depolarization and sustained depolarization is additive and can cause a greater duration and force of contraction in Smooth muscle

57
Q

Gastric acid is produced by the…

A

parietal cells

58
Q

Food in the stomach causes an alkaline tide. Why is this?

A

When food enters the stomach, gastric acid is released. A byproduct of gastric acid is the base, bicarb. This flows into the capillary and buffers the pH of the blood.

59
Q

What are the functions of the two types of pancreatic cells?

A

Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes while duct cells secrete NaHCO3 for neutralization of chyme in small intestine.

60
Q

What enzyme is highly present in duct cells and duodenal cells?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

61
Q

Crypt cells are important for lubrication because…

A

they contain CFTR channels that allow a saline layer to develop with paracellular transport of water and H2O.

62
Q

Which organ produces bile and which stores it?

A

Liver, gallbladder.

63
Q

What is the pigment derived form hemoglobin?

A

Bilirubin

64
Q

In the small intestine, Fluid is secreted in the _____ and absorption takes place in the _____

A

Crypts, villi

65
Q

What are the three disaccharides and what are their monomers?

A

Maltose=Glu+Glu
Sucrose=Glu+Fru
Lactose=Glu+Gal

66
Q

All monosaccharides exit through a _____ transporter, but fructose enters on a _____ and glucose on a _____

A

GLUT2, GLUT5, SGLT

67
Q

If an enzyme breaks a protein down by breaking internal bonds, it is an _____

A

endopeptidase

68
Q

Amino acids enter a cell by what can of transporter?

A

Na cotransporter.

69
Q

If a Di or Tripeptide enters a cell, its cotransporter is _____

A

H+

70
Q

What is the function of colipase?

A

Breaks up bile salt coating in order to allow lipase to digest fats

71
Q

What is a chylomicron

A

a product of smooth ER, formed of absorbed fats, cholesterol, and proteins

72
Q

Can a Chylomicron be absorbed into the blood stream?

A

No they are too big. They are removed by the Lymphatic system.

73
Q

What is the basolateral transporter for Iron ions? The Apical?

A

Ferroportin, DMT1. DMT1 needs a cotransport of H+

74
Q

What are the three pathways for calcium absorption into the ECF?

A

Paracellular, Na Ca antiport, Ca ATPase

75
Q

In the intestine, how is Potassium absorbed?

A

Paracellularly

76
Q

If Iron is too high in the blood, what is the response by the liver?

A

Secrete Hepcidin so that it binds to ferroportin and marks it for destruction

77
Q

What is the primary difference between long and short reflexes?

A

If the integration occurs in the CNS, it is long.

78
Q

Which hormone stimulates the Migrating Motor Complex?

A

Motilin

79
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide and Glucagon-Like peptide 1 function in the same manner in that they stimulate _____ release.

A

insulin

80
Q

Write out the functions for of G, D, Chief, Parietal, and ELC cells located in the stomach.

A

G- releases gastrin, promotes gastric acid release and histamine release

D- releases somatostatin, inhibits gastric acid release

Chief- releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase for breaking down proteins and lipids, respectively.

Parietal- releases gastric acid and intrinsic factor

ELC- releases histamines which work on parietal cells

81
Q

Which peptides are involved in decreasing food intake?

A

CCK, GLP1, NPY

82
Q

Leptin is released by _____ and tends to _____ food intake.

A

Fat, decrease

83
Q

What are the RQ’s for a diet of pure Fat, Carbs, and Protein? RQ is the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed.

A

0.7/ 1.0/ .8

84
Q

What is the Calorie per gram value of Fat, Carbs, and Protein?

A

9/4/4

85
Q

Anabolic Pathways tend to… . They occur during a _____ state.

A

synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones. Fed

86
Q

If a pathway breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, it is _____ and occurs during a _____ state.

A

Catabolic, fasted

87
Q

What is the difference between Glycolysis and Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into glycerol and pyruvate. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

88
Q

In a fasted state, _____ is created more than _____ due to the influence of _____.

A

Glucose, Glycogen, Glucagon

89
Q

HDL transports cholesterol…

A

out of plasma

90
Q

What are the two molecules used for energy in the brain?

A

Glucose and ketones

91
Q

Glycogenolysis occurs only in the _____. How does muscle use Glycogen?

A

Liver. Glycogen is broken down into pyruvate and is used to make glucose through gluconeogenesis.

92
Q

_____ peaks right before a meal and steadily decreases, whereas _____ peaks right after.

A

Glucagon, insulin

93
Q

Which type of cells are responsible for insulin secretion in the pancreas?

A

Beta cells

94
Q

Alpha cells in the pancreas tend to cause an increase in plasma _____.

A

Glucose

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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